SEJARAH PENDIDIKAN ISLAM 2 Ukhti Diwi Abbas 1

Topik Tokoh-Tokoh pada zaman kegemilangan Islam Ibn Tufayl Ibn Khaldun 2

Ibn Tufayl “If there is a Being Whose Perfection is infinite, …. then to lose hold of such a Being …must mean infinite torture. Likewise to preserve constant awareness of Him is to know joy without lapse, unending bliss, rapture and delight” 3

Spanish Scholar Medieval era Name Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abd Al-Malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tufayl al-Qaysi Birth 1106 in Guadix (Granada) Death 1185/ 581 AH in Marrakesh His work Physician, Qadi & Vizier to Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf Main Interests Philosophy, Poetry, Astronomy, Medicine Notable Work Hayy Ibn Yaqzan = (The Living one, Son of the Vigilant)

Ibn Tufayl’s Educational Philosophy • What is education? • What is personal development? • How does human growth take place? • How can a man attain fulfillment? 5

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan • A philosophical fiction • Translated into Hebrew (14 th C. ), Latin (17 th C. ), English (1674) and most European languages. • Daniel Defoe’s central idea in his ‘Robinson Crusoe’ was claimed to have been borrowed from Hayy Ibn Yaqzan 6

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan • A baby boy, Hayy, was born in a deserted island (legend has it that he was thrown to the island by the sister of a king in order to keep her marriage to Yaqzan a secret) • He was nourished and cared for by a deer • As a result of dissecting the deer, on its death, he becomes to understand – through his powers of observation and reflection – that death results from the dissolution of the union of spirit and body 7

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan • He then compares the objects around him, and discriminates between them, and classifies them into minerals, plants and animals. • Each of them has a common factor = body • Each class of objects has a specific form or soul • But soul is imperceptible, so there must be an eternal and necessary Being that creates these souls 8

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan • Hayy met Asal (a contemplative and meditative soul) from a neighbouring inhabited island who wanted to be in solitude • Asal informs Hayy about Quranic conceptions of God, His Angels, prophets, etc. • Hayy immediately accept Asal’s explanations as truths • He followed Asal to his island in the hope of reforming the people there 9

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan • Hayy endeavours hard to enlighten the masses through pure concepts • In the end, he finds these concepts to prove to be too difficult for the masses to understand • He realises the wisdom of the Prophet in giving them sensuous forms instead of full light • He returns to his lonely island is absorbed in contemplation 10

Hayy Ibn Yaqzan • Without the help of tradition and revelation, man can attain knowledge of the natural world and reality and, through this to knowledge of God. • Even if God has not revealed Himself through His prophets, He would have been discovered by scientists, mystics and philosophers through their studies of nature, the human self and the universe. 11

Ibn Khaldun “Intelek masih belum boleh dianggap intelek sehinggalah ianya dikongsi dan menyumbang kepada kebaikan masyarakat” 12

Ibn Khaldun 13

Arab Scholar Medieval era Name Ibn Khaldun [Abū Zayd ‘Abdu r-Raḥman bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī] Birth 27 May, 1332/1 Ramadan 732 AH in Tunis Death 19 March, 1406/26 Ramadan 808 AH in Cairo Scholarly Title Wali-ad-din - “Guardian of the Religion” School / Tradition Ash'ari Main Interests Sociology, Historiography, Demography, Economics, Philosophy of History. Notable Ideas Asabiyah

Education & Early Years • Family social and political activist • received a classical Arabic education • studying the Qur'an and Arabic linguistics, the basis for an understanding of the Qur'an, Hadith [1] and Fiqh [2] • mathematics, logic and philosophy • lost both his parents to an epidemic of the plague which hit Tunis, when he was 17 years old • In a typical Muslim family, follow family tradition is common, that is where he strove for a political career • And he life adventure begin, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile. 15

His travels • He had lived (due to work and studies) in Tunisia, Fez (Morocco), Granada (Spain) & Egypt • He made acute observation of the societies he visited & he wrote Muqaddimah • He worked on Muqaddimah & finished it in November 1377 16

Educational Influence • Khaldun’s analysis concludes that science & education & teaching determine cultural prosperity & that “open minded thinking” about unknown principles and crossing disciplines is key; advocates comprehensive but staged education using simple humane (non-aggressive) methods combining balanced mix of theory & practice. 17

Educational Approach • Students should not be forced to memorize • Subjects should not be taught in a broken sequence • Two subjects should not be taught together • Appropriate length of subjects taught • It is harmful to be very strict on a student • Traveling and conferencing with scholars is useful for education • Education should be practical • Learning science requires skill 18

Pedagogi Ibn Khaldun • Kanak-kanak didedahkan terlebih dahulu dengan ilmu Al-Quran. • Mempelajari Al-Quran dari segi mengeja dan membaca hendaklah dijadikan asas • Untuk menguasai sesuatu ilmu, asas bahasa mestilah kuat dan mantap 19

Pedagogi Ibn Khaldun • Menegah guru menggunakan kekasaran lisan dan fizikal terhadap murid • Kekasaran dan kekerasan boleh meninggalkan kesan buruk: ØRosak jiwa ØSifat dendam ØAgresif ØHilang keyakinan ØPenakut 20

Pedagogi Ibn Khaldun • Pendidikan hendaklah dilaksanakan dengan kasih sayang, kelembutan dengan mendekati mereka • Guru hendaklah menjadi teladan utama dan contoh yang baik • Untuk tekun belajar, hendaklah belajar jauh dari kampung halaman sendiri, mengembara untuk mencari ulama-ulama besar 21

Pedagogi Ibn Khaldun • Mempelajari satu ilmu melalui tiga tahap: i) Tahap Pertama Ø Tahap permulaan Ø Ilmu diberi secara sederhana Ø Belum terperinci ii) Tahap Kedua Ø Ulang kembali pelajaran tahap pertama Ø Huraian diperluaskan Ø Perbezaan pendapat mulai disentuh 22

Pedagogi Ibn Khaldun iii) Ø Ø Ø Tahap Ketiga Tahap akhir Murid sudah lebih cerdas Pelajaran diulang dari awal hingga akhir Ø Masalah 2 dan cabang 2 nya dihuraikan • Guru mengajar kanak 2 dengan membawa contoh benda-benda maujud yang boleh dirasa 23

Kepentingan Mempelajari Akal Manusia i) Persepsi (Al-Idrak) Ø Persepsi menggunakan pancaindera Ø Persepsi menggunakan daya fikir ii) Ø Ø Ø Akal manusia ada 3 peringkat: Discerning intellect Experimental intellect Speculative intellect 24

Meaning of Human Reality • Discerning intellect: perceptions of things in outside world • Experimental intellect: apperceptions of rules for behavior (in social context) • Speculative intellect: beyond sense perception; road to perfection; meaning of human reality 25

Resources 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Abdullah Al-Amin Al-Na’miy. [translated by Mohd Ramzi Omar]. (1994). Kaedah dan teknik Pengajaran Menurut Ibn Khaldun dan Al-Qabisi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Hasan Langgulung. (2003). Asas-Pendidikan Islam. Jakarta: Pustaka Al Husna Baru. Gamal Abdul Nasir Zakaria. (2003). Prinsip-Prinsip Pendidikan Islam : Ibn Sahnun, al-Qabisi dan Ibn Khaldun. Pahang: PTS Publications & Distributor Sdn Bhd. Ghazali Darusalam. (2001). Pedagogi Pendidikan Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors. Goodman, L. E. (1991). Ibn Tufayl’s Hayy Ibn Yaqzan. Los Angeles: Gee Tee Bee. Ibn Khaldun. [translated by Rosenthal, F. (1986). The Muqaddimah: Introduction to History (3 Volumes). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 26

Takeaways? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 27