Seismic Waves Mechanical waves that travel through the
![Seismic Waves Mechanical waves that travel through the Earth. Seismic Waves Mechanical waves that travel through the Earth.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-1.jpg)
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![Cause • Any physical disturbance that causes the Earth to vibrate – Earthquakes (most Cause • Any physical disturbance that causes the Earth to vibrate – Earthquakes (most](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-3.jpg)
![Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona Iron-nickel meteorite 49, 000 years old 50 m in diameter Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona Iron-nickel meteorite 49, 000 years old 50 m in diameter](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-4.jpg)
![Earthquakes • Earthquakes occur when built-up stress is suddenly released. • Rupture or slippage Earthquakes • Earthquakes occur when built-up stress is suddenly released. • Rupture or slippage](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-5.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Deformation • Moving plates place stress on the earth (1) compressive stress Earthquakes 2 Deformation • Moving plates place stress on the earth (1) compressive stress](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-6.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Waves • Earthquake waves travel out in all directions from a Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Waves • Earthquake waves travel out in all directions from a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-7.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Energy Release • When stress leads to strain, energy is released suddenly, Earthquakes 2 Energy Release • When stress leads to strain, energy is released suddenly,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-8.jpg)
![The Earth’s Surface is in constant motion! • Theory of Plate Tectonics explains that The Earth’s Surface is in constant motion! • Theory of Plate Tectonics explains that](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-9.jpg)
![Fig. 9 -5, p. 191 Fig. 9 -5, p. 191](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-10.jpg)
![Fig. 2 -14, p. 38 Fig. 2 -14, p. 38](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-11.jpg)
![Surface Waves Surface Waves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-12.jpg)
![2 Body Waves— seismic waves that pass through the Earth Primary waves, also called 2 Body Waves— seismic waves that pass through the Earth Primary waves, also called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-13.jpg)
![Body Fig. 9 -8, p. 194 Body Fig. 9 -8, p. 194](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-14.jpg)
![Longitudinal or compressional Or rarefactions transverse Longitudinal or compressional Or rarefactions transverse](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-15.jpg)
![Fig. 9 -9, p. 195 Fig. 9 -9, p. 195](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-16.jpg)
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![Fig. 9 -10, p. 196 Fig. 9 -10, p. 196](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-19.jpg)
![Gases emitted from the interior during this process are likely the source for the Gases emitted from the interior during this process are likely the source for the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-20.jpg)
![Internal Temperature of Earth Crust-mantle boundary 800 -1200 C Core-mantle boundary 3500 -5000 C Internal Temperature of Earth Crust-mantle boundary 800 -1200 C Core-mantle boundary 3500 -5000 C](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-21.jpg)
![Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat • Heat from Earth’s formation (gravitational contraction increases temperature Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat • Heat from Earth’s formation (gravitational contraction increases temperature](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-22.jpg)
![Fig. 1 -11, p. 15 Fig. 1 -11, p. 15](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-23.jpg)
![The Earth’s Layers • Earth layers result from density differences between the layers caused The Earth’s Layers • Earth layers result from density differences between the layers caused](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-24.jpg)
![Lithosphere and Asthenosphere • Lithosphere is the solid, brittle outer layer of the Earth Lithosphere and Asthenosphere • Lithosphere is the solid, brittle outer layer of the Earth](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-25.jpg)
![Plate Boundaries • Divergent Plate Boundary (oceanic ridges and undersea volcanoes—see the Atlantic Ocean) Plate Boundaries • Divergent Plate Boundary (oceanic ridges and undersea volcanoes—see the Atlantic Ocean)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-26.jpg)
![Three types of plate boundaries 1. Divergent plate boundary 2. Convergent Plate Boundary 3. Three types of plate boundaries 1. Divergent plate boundary 2. Convergent Plate Boundary 3.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-27.jpg)
![The Mechanism for Plate Motion is Convection in the Mantle Heat from the interior The Mechanism for Plate Motion is Convection in the Mantle Heat from the interior](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-28.jpg)
![What is the evidence that the Earth’s outer core is liquid? (See next slide) What is the evidence that the Earth’s outer core is liquid? (See next slide)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-29.jpg)
![P-Waves P-waves and Swaves provide seismic evidence that the outer core is liquid and P-Waves P-waves and Swaves provide seismic evidence that the outer core is liquid and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-30.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-31.jpg)
![Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones • P-waves and S-waves travel through Earth for 105 Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones • P-waves and S-waves travel through Earth for 105](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-32.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-33.jpg)
![Benioff Seismic Zone (associated with a subduction zone at a Convergent Plate Boundary) Pattern Benioff Seismic Zone (associated with a subduction zone at a Convergent Plate Boundary) Pattern](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-34.jpg)
![Fig. 2 -13, p. 37 Fig. 2 -13, p. 37](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-35.jpg)
![Fig. 2 -19, p. 43 Fig. 2 -19, p. 43](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-36.jpg)
![Fig. 2 -23, p. 46 Fig. 2 -23, p. 46](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-37.jpg)
![• http: //videos. howstuffworks. com/howstuffw orks/230 -how-tsunamis-work-video. htm • http: //videos. howstuffworks. com/howstuffw orks/230 -how-tsunamis-work-video. htm](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-38.jpg)
![http: //www. uwiseismic. com/General. aspx? i http: //www. geogateways. com/toolkit/ggima ges/tsunami 1. jpg d=23 http: //www. uwiseismic. com/General. aspx? i http: //www. geogateways. com/toolkit/ggima ges/tsunami 1. jpg d=23](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-39.jpg)
![Earth’s Interior 3 Solid Inner Core • The fact that P-waves pass through the Earth’s Interior 3 Solid Inner Core • The fact that P-waves pass through the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-40.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves • Surface waves move in a more complex manner. • Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves • Surface waves move in a more complex manner. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-41.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-42.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Modified Mercalli scale ranks earthquakes in a range Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Modified Mercalli scale ranks earthquakes in a range](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-43.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Richter magnitude scale uses the amplitude of the Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Richter magnitude scale uses the amplitude of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-44.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The table shows the global frequency of different magnitude Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The table shows the global frequency of different magnitude](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-45.jpg)
![Earthquakes 2 Levels of Destruction • Research has shown that poor building methods are Earthquakes 2 Levels of Destruction • Research has shown that poor building methods are](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-46.jpg)
![Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-47.jpg)
![The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are a combination of The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are a combination of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-48.jpg)
![http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a 7 Qqr. Fki. E 7 g http: //www. youtube. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a 7 Qqr. Fki. E 7 g http: //www. youtube.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-49.jpg)
![Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes when stresses build up by Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes when stresses build up by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-50.jpg)
![The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Forces in Earth’s crust can cause The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Forces in Earth’s crust can cause](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-51.jpg)
- Slides: 51
![Seismic Waves Mechanical waves that travel through the Earth Seismic Waves Mechanical waves that travel through the Earth.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-1.jpg)
Seismic Waves Mechanical waves that travel through the Earth.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-2.jpg)
![Cause Any physical disturbance that causes the Earth to vibrate Earthquakes most Cause • Any physical disturbance that causes the Earth to vibrate – Earthquakes (most](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-3.jpg)
Cause • Any physical disturbance that causes the Earth to vibrate – Earthquakes (most commonly) – Volcanoes – Landslides (terrestrial or undersea) – Extraterrestrial impacts (asteroids – and meteorites)
![Barringer Meteor Crater Arizona Ironnickel meteorite 49 000 years old 50 m in diameter Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona Iron-nickel meteorite 49, 000 years old 50 m in diameter](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-4.jpg)
Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona Iron-nickel meteorite 49, 000 years old 50 m in diameter Impact speed 12. 8 km/s 1. 186 kilometers (. 737 miles) in diameter 170 m in depth
![Earthquakes Earthquakes occur when builtup stress is suddenly released Rupture or slippage Earthquakes • Earthquakes occur when built-up stress is suddenly released. • Rupture or slippage](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-5.jpg)
Earthquakes • Earthquakes occur when built-up stress is suddenly released. • Rupture or slippage of rock within the Earth produce seismic waves http: //quake 06. stanford. edu/c entennial/tour/s top 11. html
![Earthquakes 2 Deformation Moving plates place stress on the earth 1 compressive stress Earthquakes 2 Deformation • Moving plates place stress on the earth (1) compressive stress](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-6.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Deformation • Moving plates place stress on the earth (1) compressive stress (push together) (2) a tension stress (pull apart) (3) a shear stress (moving past) (4) torsion stress (twisting)
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Waves Earthquake waves travel out in all directions from a Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Waves • Earthquake waves travel out in all directions from a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-7.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Waves • Earthquake waves travel out in all directions from a point where strain energy is released. This point is the focus. • The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter.
![Earthquakes 2 Energy Release When stress leads to strain energy is released suddenly Earthquakes 2 Energy Release • When stress leads to strain, energy is released suddenly,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-8.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Energy Release • When stress leads to strain, energy is released suddenly, and it causes rock to lurch to a new position. • A fault is a crack along which movement has taken place. • The sudden energy release that goes with fault movement is called elastic rebound.
![The Earths Surface is in constant motion Theory of Plate Tectonics explains that The Earth’s Surface is in constant motion! • Theory of Plate Tectonics explains that](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-9.jpg)
The Earth’s Surface is in constant motion! • Theory of Plate Tectonics explains that the Earth’s surface is composed of several brittle lithospheric plates that move. • Most earthquakes are caused by the motion of the lithospheric plates.
![Fig 9 5 p 191 Fig. 9 -5, p. 191](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-10.jpg)
Fig. 9 -5, p. 191
![Fig 2 14 p 38 Fig. 2 -14, p. 38](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-11.jpg)
Fig. 2 -14, p. 38
![Surface Waves Surface Waves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-12.jpg)
Surface Waves
![2 Body Waves seismic waves that pass through the Earth Primary waves also called 2 Body Waves— seismic waves that pass through the Earth Primary waves, also called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-13.jpg)
2 Body Waves— seismic waves that pass through the Earth Primary waves, also called P-waves, are longitudinal waves (compressional). • P-waves pass through solids and liquids • P-waves are faster than s-waves. Secondary waves, also called S-waves are transverse waves. • S-waves can travel through solids but not liquids • S-waves are slower than p-waves
![Body Fig 9 8 p 194 Body Fig. 9 -8, p. 194](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-14.jpg)
Body Fig. 9 -8, p. 194
![Longitudinal or compressional Or rarefactions transverse Longitudinal or compressional Or rarefactions transverse](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-15.jpg)
Longitudinal or compressional Or rarefactions transverse
![Fig 9 9 p 195 Fig. 9 -9, p. 195](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-16.jpg)
Fig. 9 -9, p. 195
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![Fig 9 10 p 196 Fig. 9 -10, p. 196](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-19.jpg)
Fig. 9 -10, p. 196
![Gases emitted from the interior during this process are likely the source for the Gases emitted from the interior during this process are likely the source for the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-20.jpg)
Gases emitted from the interior during this process are likely the source for the formation of the atmosphere and oceans. Fig. 1 -10, p. 14
![Internal Temperature of Earth Crustmantle boundary 800 1200 C Coremantle boundary 3500 5000 C Internal Temperature of Earth Crust-mantle boundary 800 -1200 C Core-mantle boundary 3500 -5000 C](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-21.jpg)
Internal Temperature of Earth Crust-mantle boundary 800 -1200 C Core-mantle boundary 3500 -5000 C Temperature of the Earth increases with depth (25 degrees C per km, closer to the surface) Fig. 1 -10 c, p. 14
![Sources of Earths Internal Heat Heat from Earths formation gravitational contraction increases temperature Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat • Heat from Earth’s formation (gravitational contraction increases temperature](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-22.jpg)
Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat • Heat from Earth’s formation (gravitational contraction increases temperature of the interior) • Heat from extraterrestrial impacts (kinetic energy to thermal energy) • Heat from ongoing decay of radioactive nuclides (radioactive particles and energy increase temperature)
![Fig 1 11 p 15 Fig. 1 -11, p. 15](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-23.jpg)
Fig. 1 -11, p. 15
![The Earths Layers Earth layers result from density differences between the layers caused The Earth’s Layers • Earth layers result from density differences between the layers caused](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-24.jpg)
The Earth’s Layers • Earth layers result from density differences between the layers caused by variations in composition, temperature, and pressure. • Core: metal (Fe and small amount of Ni) [10 -13 g/cm 3] • Outer liquid core • Inner solid core • Mantle: iron-rich rock (Fe. Mg-Peridotite) [3. 3– 5. 7 g/cm 3] • Crust: aluminum and magnesium rich rock • Continental Crust: Si. Al (rock) less dense [2. 7 g/cm 3] • Oceanic Crust: Si. Ma (rock) darker, more dense [3. 0 g/cm 3]
![Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Lithosphere is the solid brittle outer layer of the Earth Lithosphere and Asthenosphere • Lithosphere is the solid, brittle outer layer of the Earth](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-25.jpg)
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere • Lithosphere is the solid, brittle outer layer of the Earth composed of: – Oceanic and continental crust – Top part of the mantle • Asthenosphere is the plastic layer of the mantle directly below the lithosphere over which the lithospheric plates move. • The lithosphere is broken into many pieces called plates.
![Plate Boundaries Divergent Plate Boundary oceanic ridges and undersea volcanoessee the Atlantic Ocean Plate Boundaries • Divergent Plate Boundary (oceanic ridges and undersea volcanoes—see the Atlantic Ocean)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-26.jpg)
Plate Boundaries • Divergent Plate Boundary (oceanic ridges and undersea volcanoes—see the Atlantic Ocean) spread apart • Convergent Plate Boundary (trenches and volcanic mountain chains—see the Andes Mountains) come together • Transform plate boundary (side-by-side plate motion—see the San Andreas Fault)--move past
![Three types of plate boundaries 1 Divergent plate boundary 2 Convergent Plate Boundary 3 Three types of plate boundaries 1. Divergent plate boundary 2. Convergent Plate Boundary 3.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-27.jpg)
Three types of plate boundaries 1. Divergent plate boundary 2. Convergent Plate Boundary 3. Transform Plate boundary Fig. 1 -14, p. 18
![The Mechanism for Plate Motion is Convection in the Mantle Heat from the interior The Mechanism for Plate Motion is Convection in the Mantle Heat from the interior](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-28.jpg)
The Mechanism for Plate Motion is Convection in the Mantle Heat from the interior flows outward toward the crust Fig. 1 -12, p. 15
![What is the evidence that the Earths outer core is liquid See next slide What is the evidence that the Earth’s outer core is liquid? (See next slide)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-29.jpg)
What is the evidence that the Earth’s outer core is liquid? (See next slide)
![PWaves Pwaves and Swaves provide seismic evidence that the outer core is liquid and P-Waves P-waves and Swaves provide seismic evidence that the outer core is liquid and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-30.jpg)
P-Waves P-waves and Swaves provide seismic evidence that the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid Refraction: the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another S-Waves Caused by changes in wave speed Fig. 9 -21, p. 210
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-31.jpg)
![Earths Interior 3 Shadow Zones Pwaves and Swaves travel through Earth for 105 Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones • P-waves and S-waves travel through Earth for 105](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-32.jpg)
Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones • P-waves and S-waves travel through Earth for 105 degrees of arc in all directions. • Between 105 and 140 degrees from the epicenter, nothing is recorded. • This “dead zone” is termed the shadow zone. • This seismic pattern indicates that the outer core is liquid.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-33.jpg)
![Benioff Seismic Zone associated with a subduction zone at a Convergent Plate Boundary Pattern Benioff Seismic Zone (associated with a subduction zone at a Convergent Plate Boundary) Pattern](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-34.jpg)
Benioff Seismic Zone (associated with a subduction zone at a Convergent Plate Boundary) Pattern of earthquake occurrences indicates the location of the subducted limb of the lithospheric plate
![Fig 2 13 p 37 Fig. 2 -13, p. 37](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-35.jpg)
Fig. 2 -13, p. 37
![Fig 2 19 p 43 Fig. 2 -19, p. 43](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-36.jpg)
Fig. 2 -19, p. 43
![Fig 2 23 p 46 Fig. 2 -23, p. 46](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-37.jpg)
Fig. 2 -23, p. 46
![http videos howstuffworks comhowstuffw orks230 howtsunamisworkvideo htm • http: //videos. howstuffworks. com/howstuffw orks/230 -how-tsunamis-work-video. htm](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-38.jpg)
• http: //videos. howstuffworks. com/howstuffw orks/230 -how-tsunamis-work-video. htm
![http www uwiseismic comGeneral aspx i http www geogateways comtoolkitggima gestsunami 1 jpg d23 http: //www. uwiseismic. com/General. aspx? i http: //www. geogateways. com/toolkit/ggima ges/tsunami 1. jpg d=23](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-39.jpg)
http: //www. uwiseismic. com/General. aspx? i http: //www. geogateways. com/toolkit/ggima ges/tsunami 1. jpg d=23
![Earths Interior 3 Solid Inner Core The fact that Pwaves pass through the Earth’s Interior 3 Solid Inner Core • The fact that P-waves pass through the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-40.jpg)
Earth’s Interior 3 Solid Inner Core • The fact that P-waves pass through the core, but are refracted along the way, indicates that the inner core is denser than the outer core and solid. • When pressure dominates, atoms are squeezed together tightly and exist in the solid state. • If temperatures are high enough, atoms move apart enough to exist in the liquid state, even at extreme pressures.
![Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves Surface waves move in a more complex manner Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves • Surface waves move in a more complex manner. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-41.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves • Surface waves move in a more complex manner. • They can exhibit an up and down rolling motion, and also a side-to-side motion that parallels Earth’s surface.
![Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-42.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Surface Waves
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement The Modified Mercalli scale ranks earthquakes in a range Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Modified Mercalli scale ranks earthquakes in a range](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-43.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Modified Mercalli scale ranks earthquakes in a range from I-XII, XII being the worst and uses eyewitness observation and postearthquake assessments to assign an intensity value.
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement The Richter magnitude scale uses the amplitude of the Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Richter magnitude scale uses the amplitude of the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-44.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The Richter magnitude scale uses the amplitude of the largest earthquake wave. • Richter magnitude is intended to give a measure of the energy released during the earthquake.
![Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement The table shows the global frequency of different magnitude Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The table shows the global frequency of different magnitude](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-45.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Earthquake Measurement • The table shows the global frequency of different magnitude earthquakes.
![Earthquakes 2 Levels of Destruction Research has shown that poor building methods are Earthquakes 2 Levels of Destruction • Research has shown that poor building methods are](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-46.jpg)
Earthquakes 2 Levels of Destruction • Research has shown that poor building methods are the largest contributors to earthquake damage and loss of life. Earthquake Proofing • Although no building can be made entirely earthquake proof, scientists and engineers are finding ways to reduce the damage to structures during mild or moderate earthquakes.
![Earths Interior 3 Shadow Zones Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-47.jpg)
Earth’s Interior 3 Shadow Zones
![The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves Seismic waves are a combination of The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are a combination of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-48.jpg)
The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are a combination of longitudinal (p-waves) and transverse waves (s-waves). They can travel through Earth and along Earth’s surface. • The more the crust moves during an earthquake, the more energy is released. Click image to view movie.
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http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a 7 Qqr. Fki. E 7 g http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y. OGo. KCK 17 a 4&feature=related http: //www. forgefx. com/casestudies/prenticehall/ph/seismic-wavessimulator. htm http: //aspire. cosmic-ray. org/labs/seismic/index. htm Seismic Waves The sudden release of energy within the Earth produces waves. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FW-Tkpv. KPl 0 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 l. AXSt. QCjr 8&feature=related
![Seismic Waves Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes when stresses build up by Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes when stresses build up by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-50.jpg)
Seismic Waves • Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes when stresses build up by moving plates are suddenly released. • Body waves vs. surface waves • Interior waves produced by this disturbance include longitudinal waves or p-waves and transverse waves or s-waves. • P-waves are faster than s-waves, and can travel through solids or liquids. S-waves cannot travel through liquids. • The epicenter and focus of an earthquake can be calculated using seismic data from at least
![The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves Forces in Earths crust can cause The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Forces in Earth’s crust can cause](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/10d516020205d32f53210bbc2b003448/image-51.jpg)
The Nature of Waves 1 Seismic Waves • Forces in Earth’s crust can cause regions of the crust to shift, bend, or even break. • The breaking crust vibrates, creating seismic (SIZE mihk) waves that carry energy outward.
Seismic waves are mechanical waves
Example of mechanical waves
Similarities of mechanical and electromagnetic waves
Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves similarities
Electromagnetic and mechanical waves
Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves similarities
Light waves are transverse waves true or false
Transverse waves move perpendicular
Mechanical vs electromagnetic
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