SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY PROCEDURE 1 IDENTIFY MAJOR

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY PROCEDURE 1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS 2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC 3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS 4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC 5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY 6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL 7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUE 1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS 2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE 3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS 4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION 5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION 6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS BURIAL HISTORY MODELING TEMPERATURE HISTORY HYDROCARBON GENERATION PREDICTION SOURCE MIGRATION TRAP DEVELOPMENT AND TIMING RESERVOIR PROPERTIES RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION SCALE OF DEPOSITION LAMINA I N C R E A S I N G LAMINASET BEDSET PARASEQUENCESET SEQUENCE CONTROLS E P I S O D I C • STORMS • FLOODS • TIDES C Y C L I C • SHIFTING SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS • SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS • LONG-TERM TECTONICS

BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES BEDS FORMATION A SINGLE EPISODE OF DEPOSITION BOUNDING SURFACES BEDDING PLANES MORPHOLOGY DEPOSITIONAL SEQUECES A SINGLE CYCLE OF DEPOSITION UNCONFORMITIES • LIMITED EXTENT • WIDESPREAD • SMALL THICKNESS • THICK ENOUGH TO RESOLVE SEISMICALLY • TERMINATES WHERE • BEDDING SURFACES INTERSECT • TERMINATES AGAINST UNCON-FORMITIES OR THEIR CORRELATIVE

SEISMIC REFLECTION • GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE • POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT • AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF: - MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT - SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT - RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM

REFLECTION AND TIMESTRATIGRAPHY GENERATING FEATURE UNCONFORMITIES TIME-STRATIGRAPHY YES STRATAL SURFACES SEPARATES OLDER STRATA BELOW FROM YOUNGER STRATA ABOVE

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATAL SURFACES • SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES • RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES • REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED STRATAL UNIT HAS: - ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION) OR - THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)

MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES • AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS • HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP MARK • ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM PHASE • PEAKS? TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY

SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES • SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW FACIES BOUNDARIES HOWEVERE • REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES - REFLECTION AMPLITUDE - REFLECTION CONTINUITY - REFLECTION POLARITY

LIMITATIONS RESOLUTION • VERTICAL • LATERAL IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS • DIP ANALOG SECTION • OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS • NONCOHERENT NOISE • COHERENT NOISE

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION SEISMIC DATA CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK SEISMIC SEQUENCES SEISMIC REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS DEPOSITIONAL FRAMEWORK DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS GEOLOGIC INTRPRETATION LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS CORE ANALYSIS REFLECTION GEOMETRIES REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS CALIBRATION INTERPRETATION FACIES MODEL DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT PRIDICTION SEDIMENT SUPPLY LOG ANALYSIS

INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS WELL AND SEISMIC DATA OBSERVE CALIBRATE VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC • LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES • SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS INTERBRATE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING PREDICT LATERAL AND VERTICAL LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION

SEISMIC FACIES PARAMETERS REFLECTION GEOMETRIES • TERMINATION PATTERN • INTERNAL CONFIGRATION • EXTERNAL FORM REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS • AMPLITUDE • CONTINUITY • FREQUENCY INTERVAL VELOCITY

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS UNSTRATIFIED SIMPLE PROGADATIONAL COMPLEX • SEGMIOD • MOUNDED • OBLIQUE • HUMMOCHY • COMBINATION • DEFORMED • BARALLEL • SUBPARALLEL • DIVERGENT • SHINGLED CHAOTIC REFLECTION FREE

REFLECTION GEOMETRIES EXTERNAL FORM UNIFORM THICKNESS VARYING THICKNESS • SHEET-EVEN • FILL • SHEET-DRAPE • MOND • SHEET-SMOOTHING • COMBINATION

GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ABC TECHNIQUE EROSION TOPLAP CONCODANT ONLAP DOWNLAP CONCORDANT PARALLEL SIGMOID MOUNDED SUBPARALLEL OBLIQUE HUMMOCKY SHINGLED DEFORMED DIVERGENT

DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY HIGH LOW DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES • SEDIMENTARY FACIES • SORTED • POOR SORTING • COARSEST AVAILABLE GRAIN SIZE • FINE PRESENT DIAGNOSTIC GEOMETRIES EXPLORATION ACTIVE • TOPLAB/OBLIQUE • MOUNDS • • QUIET WATER • SHEET/DRAPE • SIGMOID PROG. • SLOPE FRONT FILL •

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY AMPLITUDE CONDITIONS LITHOLOGY LOW UNIFORM MASSIVE HIGH ALTERNATING INTERFINGERED VARIABLE VARYING DISCONTINUOUS CONTINUITY HIGH DEPOSITION WIDESPREAD

LITHOLOGY PREDICTION I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK • SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS • TIE WELL AND SEISMIC II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK • ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES • TIE WELL AND SEISMIC • INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTING • CALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES • EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S) • USE FACIES MODELS • USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF HYDROCARBON INDICATORS • AMPLITUDE ANOMALY • FREQUENCY ANOMALY • TIME SAG • ABRUPT TERMINATIONS • PHASE CHANGE • FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION • SHADOW ZONE • CHINMEY

FALSE HDI’S AND PITFALLS • LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS • FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO FLUID CONTACTS - STRATIGRAPHY - MULTIPLES • INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY • LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS • PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF HYDROCARBONS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 2 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES • CHEAP MANUAL (SERIAL OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES • NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT DISADVANTAGES • MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUBPARALLEL TO LINES • INACCURATE 3 -D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES • MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP • CUMBERSOME • FAST IN STRUCTURA LLY SIMPLE AREAS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS) SEISCROP ADVANTAGES • EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS • ACCURATE 3 -D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES • FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY DISADVANTAGES • EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM • DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED) • NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY • CUMBERSOME • AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUE S TRUE 3 -D GRID ADVANTAGES • VERY DETAILED MAPS • • MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION DISADVANTAGES • VERY SLOW • MANY TIES

USING A STRATIGRPHIC FRAMEWORK STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS BURIAL HISTORY TRAP DEVELOPMENT AND TIMING MODELING TEMPERATURE HISTORY HYDROCARBON GENERATION PREDICTION SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR PROPERTIES RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES • CHEAP MANUAL (SERIAL OVERLAY) WITHOUT TIME SLICES, FEW CROSS LINES • NO SPECIAL EQUIPMENT DISADVANTAGES • MISS STRUCTURES THAT STRIKE SUBPARALLEL TO LINES • INACCURATE 3 -D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES • MAPPING IS ADDITIONAL STEP • CUMBERSOME • FAST IN STRUCTURA LLY SIMPLE AREAS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES MANUAL BUT WITH TIME SLICES (GS) SEISCROP ADVANTAGES • EASY TO RECOGNIZE STRUCTURES IN MOST ORIENTATIONS • ACCURATE 3 -D TIES OF HORIZONS & STRUCTURES • FAST WITH GOOD REFLECTION QONTINUITY DISADVANTAGES • EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO MAKE FILM • DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES (PROJECTED) • NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF POOR REFLECTION CONTINUITY • CUMBERSOME • AMPLITUDE CONTROLS POSITION OF TIME SLICE PICKS

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUE S TRUE 3 -D GRID ADVANTAGES • VERY DETAILED MAPS • • MOST ACCURATE PICTURES OF FAULT PATTERNS HIGHEST CONFIDENCE INTERPRETATION DISADVANTAGES • VERY SLOW • MANY TIES

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 3 -D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES TECHNIQU ES ISIS- ADVANTAGES • ALOWS USE OF ANY TECHNIQUE EPR INTERACTIVE • MOST ACCURATE TIES OF SEISMIC TIME SLICES TO LINES AND INTERPRATATION LINES TO CROSS-LINES SYSTEM • LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE • AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING • RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONS DIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR SLICES • IMAGE MANIPULATIONS ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE, REVERSE POLARITY • RELIEVES INTRPRETATER DISADVANTAGES • CONVERSION OF SEISMIC DATA TO ACCEPTABLE FORMAT CAN BE TIME-CONSUMMING • EXCESSIVE DETAIL AVAILABLE

SEISMIC-WELL TIES PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE COMPLETE INTERPERATION SEISMIC DATA WELL DATA • TWO WAY TIME • LINEAR DEPTH • SEISMIC VELOCITY • SEISMIC IMPEDENCE • DENSITY • SEISMIC SEQUENCES • GEOLOGIC AGE • SEISMIC FACIES • LITHOLOGY • STRUCTURE • FAULT ORIENTATION