Segregation Plessy v Ferguson 1896 allowed separate but
Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896 allowed “separate but equal” facilities legalized segregation - de jure segregation Jim Crow laws in the South De facto segregation in the North Fewer educational opportunities for minorities Higher poverty rates
Civil Rights Movement Expands World War II paved the way for change CORE - Congress of Racial Equality formed Jackie Robinson integrated Major League Baseball - 1947 https: //youtu. be/01 q. Mb. IOA 0 pk President Truman integrates the military - 1948
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in 1954 End of “separate but equal” in public education Desegregate “with all deliberate speed” Much resistance to desegregation
Integration of Central High School National Guard troops prevent integration under Governor’s orders Standoff and protests as African Americans try to integrate President Eisenhower sent troops to force integration Little Rock Nine began attending Central High School
Ku Klux Klan Founded in 1866 in Tennessee Found in every Southern State by 1870 Main target - African Americans Other targets - immigrants, Catholics, Jews, non-racist whites Used violence and intimidation - lynching, cross burning, harassment Peak membership over 4 million in 1920 s Still remains Klan in Southern Illinois
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger NAACP protested her arrest under Martin Luther King, Jr. Boycott of city buses by African-Americans 13 month nonviolent boycott Met with violence from whites Results Montgomery buses integrated Martin Luther King, Jr. became a national leader SCLC was founded
Greensboro, North Carolina – Woolworth’s lunch counter African-American college students protest until they are served Movement spread throughout the South Whites violent – African-Americans peaceful Results Succeeded in integrating restaurants Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed
Goal to desegregate interstate bus lines and waiting areas in South Organized in response to Boynton v. Virginia Led by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Freedom Riders (blacks and whites) trained to withstand violence Start on integrated lines in North & ride into the South
Freedom Rides (continued) Original Ride - May 1961 Began in Washington D. C. - 7 blacks and 6 whites Bus headed to New Orleans, LA 1 st Violence - South Carolina - attacked for trying to enter white waiting area Atlanta, GA - group split onto 2 buses - Greyhound & Trailways Anniston, AL Mob organized by KKK and other citizens waiting Bombed the bus to force passengers off to be beaten Birmingham, AL Repeat of Anniston Freedom Riders arrested and convicted Rides continued despite the violence faced https: //youtu. be/1 z. BY 6 gkpb. Tg https: //youtu. be/n. Ayfoyf. Lsn. Q
Emmett Till Murdered in August 1955 in Mississippi 14 year old from Chicago Supposedly whistled at a white grocery store clerk Kidnapped & murdered 4 days later Husband of the clerk & his half brother Hate crime Funeral in Chicago - open casket for 5 days for all to see the brutality Trial All white, all male jury Moses Wright (Till’s great uncle) took the stand Acquitted Later admitted to crime & sold the story
NAACP America’s oldest civil rights group - founded in 1909 Formed by blacks and whites in New York City Initially focused on anti-lynching Major contributor to civil rights movement Brown v. Board of Education, led by attorney Thurgood Marshall Helped organize March on Washington (1963) Voting Rights Act of 1965 Criticism - focusing more on laws and courts than active protest NAACP today - focus on education and jobs
CORE - Congress of Racial Equality Founded in 1942 - University of Chicago 1955 - entered the South for the first time Nonviolent approach to fighting racial segregation - training for members Late 1960 s - focus changed to black nationalism and separatism Known for involvement in 3 main events Freedom Rides Freedom Summer March on Washington
SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Formed to keep younger blacks involved with Civil Rights movement Look beyond integration - nonviolent, all races welcome at beginning Freedom Summer involvement led to change Protests for younger people turn more violent Stokely Carmichael - becomes leader in 1966 Coins the term “Black Power” Self- defense = violence
Martin Luther King, Jr. Most popular Civil Rights Activist Becomes popular after Montgomery Bus Boycott SCLC President What sets Dr. King apart Peaceful protest Public speaking skills March on Washington - “I Have a Dream” Assassinated in Memphis, TN - April 4, 1968
African-Americans want integration & more opportunities Eugene “Bull” Connor Public Safety Commissioner Threatened violence against protestors African-Americans protest – led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Police dogs & electric cattle prods used on protestors Televised nationally – most Americans outraged Led to integration of Birmingham
Organized by Martin Luther King, Jr. 250, 000 attended “I Have a Dream” speech Gained support for civil rights laws https: //youtu. be/v. P 4 i. Y 1 Tt. S 3 s
No discrimination in voter registration No segregation in public accommodations Federal government can desegregate public facilities & schools Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Freedom Summer – 1964 Led by SNCC Northern college students go to South to register voters Met with violence Selma – 1965 Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and SCLC March from Selma to Montgomery Met with violence Led to action by the federal government Voting Rights Act of 1965 Banned laws to prevent voter registration Federal officials sent to register voters
Memphis Sanitation Strike - 1968 Over 80% of African Americans in Memphis work manual labor jobs Low wages Unsafe conditions Unequal pay, etc. Two men are killed working for the city in a garbage truck (February 1) Families received no compensation 1, 300 workers go on strike within a week “I am a Man” protest Dr. King assassinated in Memphis (April 4) Lorraine Motel balcony Riots ensued Strike ends (April 16)
Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent means of protest Assassinated in Memphis, TN on April 4, 1968 Led to violent riots Stokely Carmichael Took over SNCC in 1966 “black power” Malcolm X Leader of Nation of Islam initially Wanted a world where all races live in peace Broke from Nation of Islam & was killed in 1965
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