Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards Row Field Crops

  • Slides: 31
Download presentation
Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards / Row - Field Crops

Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards / Row - Field Crops

 § Founded 1997 agricultural, urban projects § Non-profit organization: § Promote stewardship, Best

§ Founded 1997 agricultural, urban projects § Non-profit organization: § Promote stewardship, Best Management Practices (BMPs) to production agriculture § Parry Klassen, Executive Director § Jim Markle, Assistant Projects Manager § Tamara Taliaferro, Projects Coordinator www. curesworks. org

Water & Sediment Monitoring Coalition monitoring looks into … Water Column § Pesticides §

Water & Sediment Monitoring Coalition monitoring looks into … Water Column § Pesticides § Nutrients § Sediment § Salt / EC § Boron § Bacteria / e coli § Ambients (temp, DO, etc) Streambed Sediment § Toxicity § Pesticides (soon) Any constituent that can affect the quality of waters of the State

Pyrethroid Issue Overview § Sediment toxicity in ag drains, streams attributed to pyrethroids §

Pyrethroid Issue Overview § Sediment toxicity in ag drains, streams attributed to pyrethroids § Increased regulatory scrutiny expected on uses, potential pathways to water § Pyrethroids part of new dormant orchard season insecticide label changes

Synthetic Pyrethroids and sediment toxicity Agricultural Products § Common names - Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Cyhalothrin

Synthetic Pyrethroids and sediment toxicity Agricultural Products § Common names - Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Cyhalothrin Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Fenpropathrin Esfenvalerate Permethrin Tralomethrin Zeta-cypermethrin § Trade names - Capture; Brigade Baythroid Karate; Warrior Ammo Decis Danitol Asana Pounce; Ambush Scout Fury

Pyrethroid use in California § 2194 products registered in California § 2057 active in

Pyrethroid use in California § 2194 products registered in California § 2057 active in 2004. § 27 pyrethroid active ingredients - 12 frequently used in California

Major Crops Uses for Pyrethroids (lbs) Crops 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Major Crops Uses for Pyrethroids (lbs) Crops 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 PISTACHIO 11208 15025 14603 26806 15979 22877 31673 LETTUCE, HEAD 50013 51484 30896 32004 32657 28763 29390 ALMOND 26618 26108 25653 24241 28036 28810 26809 LETTUCE, LEAF 22103 22668 14821 15564 17281 18047 20045 ALFALFA 26670 27155 28559 35799 20858 20122 19940 COTTON 25032 28167 16302 14963 17192 17326 19332 ORANGE 9787 8888 6599 2869 6844 8670 9133 CORN (FORAGE - FODDER) 5907 6554 5520 6418 15896 7846 8696 TOMATO, PROCESSING 9407 10384 9660 6503 5578 4799 7595 PEACH 9238 10047 8543 10877 10624 10232 7454 CORN, HUMAN CONSUMPTION 6924 7444 7292 6180 4934 7062 7154 WALNUT 6539 8284 6308 4501 4544 3856 4653 TOMATO 2991 3491 2803 2448 2507 2624 3555 669 812 918 1381 1070 1145 1050 344711 336189 417104 NECTARINE STRUCTURAL PEST CONTROL 307259 421371 486737 567483

Pyrethroids under Scrutiny § Product into CA. DPR Reevaluation process August 2006 § Registrant

Pyrethroids under Scrutiny § Product into CA. DPR Reevaluation process August 2006 § Registrant Requirements - Identify sources of pyrethroids, processes for reaching sediment - Develop mitigation strategy to reduce or eliminate detections in surface water - Potential label changes, loss of uses

Pyrethroid Stewardship Program Sponsors Emphasis: Protect Water Quality

Pyrethroid Stewardship Program Sponsors Emphasis: Protect Water Quality

Pyrethroid Profile § Very hydrophobic - Adsorbs tightly to soil particles, organic material -

Pyrethroid Profile § Very hydrophobic - Adsorbs tightly to soil particles, organic material - Potential to be carried off in sediment water run-off - Relatively long half-life in sediment § Some Concern of Risk to Non. Targets - Fish, Water Insects, Crayfish/Shrimp

How Did We Get Here? § Weston Study – Bioavailability Study § 71 Samples

How Did We Get Here? § Weston Study – Bioavailability Study § 71 Samples - 42 Rivers, Creeks, Sloughs & Drainage Ditches - Weston concludes pyrethroid alone causing toxicity in the sediment

Adsorption to soils, organics, etc. § Parent Koc values - 200, 000 -1, 000

Adsorption to soils, organics, etc. § Parent Koc values - 200, 000 -1, 000 ml/g - Primary driver for Efate behavior § Fast & strong adsorption results in - zero leachability - only short periods of bioavailability after spray entry - rapid removal of chemical from the water column § Binding to organic matter is important - other interactions may play a minor part § Laboratory analytical issues - chemical binds to vessel walls fast - chemical “detected” in water samples may well be bound to suspended sediment or dissolved OM or humic substances § has reduced bioavailability

Relative Toxicity of Various Pyrethroids

Relative Toxicity of Various Pyrethroids

Pyrethroid Biotic - Degradation (lab studies) 1 Half life for tralomethrin conversion to deltamethrin

Pyrethroid Biotic - Degradation (lab studies) 1 Half life for tralomethrin conversion to deltamethrin

Water Body Degradation/Uptake Processes Plant interaction with surface layers? Uptake & metabolism in plants

Water Body Degradation/Uptake Processes Plant interaction with surface layers? Uptake & metabolism in plants and “aufwuchs” Metabolism/excretion/depuration FROM biota Biological uptake/ concentration of chemical in biota Hydrolysis in water column λ p. H Microbial degradation of chemical in water phase J J J Microbial degradation of chemical in sediment pore water Photolysis in surface layer Adsorption/ uptake/ metabolism by sediment dwelling & epi-benthic biota via pore water J J J

Pyrethroid Profile § How Does it Get Into the Water? Transport Mechanism - Sediment

Pyrethroid Profile § How Does it Get Into the Water? Transport Mechanism - Sediment into waterways § Irrigation § Storm Water Runoff

Pyrethroid Profile How Does it Get Into the Water? - Spray Drift into Waterways

Pyrethroid Profile How Does it Get Into the Water? - Spray Drift into Waterways § Crops near water sprayed § Aerial Application over water

Pyrethroid Stewardship Focus Irrigation runoff § Minimize or eliminate sediment transport Drift management §

Pyrethroid Stewardship Focus Irrigation runoff § Minimize or eliminate sediment transport Drift management § Set back / buffer between sensitive areas and field

Farm Site BMPs § Irrigation drainage management ** Which Approach is “Best? ” §

Farm Site BMPs § Irrigation drainage management ** Which Approach is “Best? ” § Storm water drainage management Three General Approaches - Manage runoff (containment, recirculation, etc) - Manage pesticide applications prior to drainage periods - “Treat” drainage/ runoff

Approaches for Cotton BMPs The Toolbox Pesticides § Application BMPs - Lower label rates

Approaches for Cotton BMPs The Toolbox Pesticides § Application BMPs - Lower label rates Mix and load properly Calibrate equipment New sprayer technology § Farm Site BMPs - Buffer zones to sensitive sites Grassed drainage waterways Vegetative filter strips Drainage management

Manage Pesticide Applications Managing Drift from Ground / Aerial Applications § Most drift comes

Manage Pesticide Applications Managing Drift from Ground / Aerial Applications § Most drift comes from outside rows near sensitive areas § Watch wind speed direction § Leave adequate buffer zone Aerial Application Drift Management: Pilot needs to know drain / waterway locations

 • Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Sediment Basins § Basins for water

• Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Sediment Basins § Basins for water & sediment run-off § Requires modification of drainage system to protect surface water

Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Irrigation management § Irrigation scheduling § Minimize runoff

Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Irrigation management § Irrigation scheduling § Minimize runoff § PAM in irrigation water § Minimize sediment

Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Tailwater Return Systems § Recirculate drain water back

Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Tailwater Return Systems § Recirculate drain water back into irrigation system § “Cadillac” system but costly § Can operate with low horsepower pumps § In salty areas, can cause build up of salts § Water savings

“Treat” Drainage Water Vegetative Ditches Allow grass in drainage ditches -- Circulate drain water

“Treat” Drainage Water Vegetative Ditches Allow grass in drainage ditches -- Circulate drain water through vegetated ditches or field areas West Stanislaus County -- BMP effectiveness research -- Alfalfa and field crops

Planted: December 2005 Photo: Feb. 2006

Planted: December 2005 Photo: Feb. 2006

Photo: July 2006

Photo: July 2006

Vegetated Ditches § Some reduction in Lorsban concentrations (34%). § Still needs more fine

Vegetated Ditches § Some reduction in Lorsban concentrations (34%). § Still needs more fine tuning § Has management “challenges” - Planting - Mowing - Adequate flow

Cost of not succeeding § Potential for individuals to be required to file Report

Cost of not succeeding § Potential for individuals to be required to file Report of Waste Discharge with Water Board - Water Board dictates Waste Discharge Requirements - On farm testing of discharges to ensure compliance - Coalition spending +$40, 000 per site annually for sampling, reporting Let’s don’t go there!

Enormous Task At Hand 1. Identify and promote practices that reduce farm runoff in

Enormous Task At Hand 1. Identify and promote practices that reduce farm runoff in rivers § Orchard runoff from dormant sprays § Almonds, Peaches, Plums/Prunes § Irrigation runoff carrying pesticides/nutrients § Row, field crops (alfalfa, tomatoes, cotton) § Orchards § Promote adoption by growers /PCAs

Parry Klassen Executive Director 559 -288 -8125 pklassen@unwiredbb. com "Education For Environmental Responsibility"

Parry Klassen Executive Director 559 -288 -8125 pklassen@unwiredbb. com "Education For Environmental Responsibility"