SECTIONS OF THE LABORATORY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1 Clinical

SECTIONS OF THE LABORATORY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Clinical Chemistry § Liver profile § Lipid profile § Glucose profile Special chemistry (endocrinology, fertility) 2. Clinical Microscopy § Analysis of body fluids § Urin analysis § Fecal anaysis § Semen analysis 3. Microbiology Cultures (sputum, blood, urine) § Sensitivity tests 4. Hematology § Biggest section Includes CBC, coagulation, PT, APTT

Blood bank Serology/Immunology Very critical section Bec. May have errors Blood typing Cross match Cardiac and thyroid fxntest II. ANATOMY PATHOLOGY Goes hand in hand with serology and immunology Tests done for § MALARIA § SYPHILIS § HIV Histopathology

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PROCESS COLLATION

SAMPLE A small sample of something that may be cells, organism, plasma, tissue, whatever, that represents a whole, from which a diagnosis is rendered or other determination of said ob ject's nature is made.

SPECIMENS WHICH ARE USED INLAB FOR TESTING Venous blood, serum or plsma. Arterial blood Capillary blood Urine Faeces Cerebrospinal fluid Sputum and saliva Tissue and cells Calculi Aspirates e. g. � � � Pleural fluid Ascites Synovial fluid Intestinal Pancreatic

NATURE OF REQUEST STAT § § § Performed immediately and by itself Run control and standard 20 -50% More expensive TAT is shortened Request is needed Today § Confusing § Performed as soon as possible, given priority § Based on “running time” Routine § Done with the batch § Wait for TAT stated by laboratory

AUTOMATION AND COMPUTERIZATION Test Repertoire (Range) � More than 400 tests can be performed in the lab � Analyzers Laboratory personnels

VALUES REFERENCE VALUES Better term than “normal value” Pulled value, usually 95%of population Vary in diff. hospitals but not that far SIGNIFICANT VALUES Clinical decision should be made if higher or lower than reference value Usually when 2 x to 3 x

CRITICAL VALUES § § Needs immediate attention “panic values” Should call physician Patient is at risk Glucose less than 45 mg/dl § More than 500 mg/dl § Potassium less than 6. 6 g/dl § More than 19. 9 g/dl §

REFERENCE VALUES Not fixed for all Should consider: Ø Ø Ø Age Sex Pregnancy Diurnal Variation Race Blood type

ROUTINE EXAMINATIONS ROUTINE ADMISSION TESTS CBC, Urinalysis, Fecalysis ROUTINE CHEMISTRIES BUN, Creatinine, Glucose, Uric Acid, Cholesterol Sometimes triglycerides