Section 5 nouns pronouns By Areej Dawoud n

Section 5: nouns & pronouns By: Areej Dawoud

n Ø Ø Ø ■ Ø 5. 1 Countable & uncountable nouns We can count some nouns (things) like book/ books: They are countable nouns. They have singular a/ an & plural –s We cannot count other nouns like water: They are uncountable nouns. They don’t have a/ an, and they have no plural. On the pizza there are tomatoes, peppers, garlic, cheese, and olives. Uncountable nouns take a singular verb. Water is important.

5. 2 a/ an & some We use a/ an in front of singular countable nouns a table / an umbrella. Ø We use some for the plural of countable nouns some tables. n ■ We some in front of uncountable nouns some milk.

Indefinite (a/ an) & Definite (the) n We use the to talk about something has already n Ø Ø Ø ■ Ø been mentioned. We use the with: Singular countable nouns: He has a car. The car is black. Plural countable nouns: I have 2 boys. The boys are at school. Uncountable nouns: I have some information. The information is important. We use a/ an when we mention something for the first time. There is a dog and a cat outside. The dog is

Other situations q • Ø • q Ø Ø Indefinite: with some expressions of quantity A pair of / a little / a couple of / a few In exclamations with what + a count noun What a lovely day. Definite: before seas, rivers, hotels, museums, some countries with more than one name and newspapers: the Atlantic/ the British Museum /the Times / the United States If there is only one of something: the sun/ the queen / the government with superlative adj. He is the richest man in the world.

No Article q • Before plural and uncountable nouns, and when talking about things in general. I like potatoes. / Milk is good for you. Before countries with one name, towns, streets, languages, magazines, meals, airports, stations, and mountains. I had lunch with John. / I bought a news paper at Heathrow Airport. q With some places: at home/ to-in bed / at-to work / at-to school or university/ by bus/ by plane/ by car-train/ on foot q In exclamations with what + an uncount noun What beautiful weather. •

Generalization We do not use the when we talk about something in general: Ø I smell roses in the air. Ø Gold is expensive. n We use the when we are specific. Ø The roses in my garden are all red. Ø The gold in this jeweller’s is very expensive. ■

Some & any n Ø • • Any: We use any in negative statements and questions both for countable and uncountable nouns. Are there any flowers in the park? No, there are not any. Yes, there are some. In negative statements & questions we use any to show a quantity when we do not know exactly how much or how many. Do you have any information. ? Sorry, I don’t have any information.

Some & any Some: Ø We use some in affirmative statements with countable plural nouns and with uncountable singular nouns. • I need some eggs and some sugar. n Ø We use some to show a quantity when we do not know exactly how much or how many.

Measurement words n Uncountable nouns can be measured by measured words. They always have a prepositional phrase with of. A bar of soap A can of tomatoes A box of chocolates A bunch of banana A tube of tooth paste A glass of water A carton of milk A sheet of paper A bottle of juice A peace of fruit A slice of cake A cup of tea A head of lettuce A packet of biscuits A roll of toilet paper A jar of jam A loaf of bread A bowel of soup

Countable nouns (affirmative) Negative Uncountable nouns (affirmative) There are many eggs. There aren't many eggs. There a lot of apples. There aren’t a lot of apples. There is a lot of There isn’t much juice. There are some tomatoes. There aren't any tomatoes. There is some milk There a few onions. There aren’t any onions. There is a little There isn’t any milk. cheese There are few onions There are no onions. There is little cheese - Negative - There isn’t any milk. There is no cheese.

Quantity questions How many slices of bread do you eat for breakfast? About six. Ø Lemons, friends, apples, …. . n How much coffee do you drink? Juice do you drink? Ø Money, sugar, milk, …. n

Whose & possessive nouns n n n Whose dog is that? That is Julia’s dog. Whose books are these? They are his books. The genitive: Nouns Singular nouns (John) Regular plural nouns (boys) Irregular plural nouns (women) Rules (‘s) Examples It is John’s bag. (‘) They are the boys’ bags. They sell women’s shoes That’s Charles’s wife. That’s Charles’ (‘s) Names & nouns (‘s) or (‘) that already end in –s (Charles)

Section 6: The simple past n Ø Ø Ø Regular verbs: I, you, he, she, it, we, they → worked We use the simple past to talk about actions and situations that began and ended in the past. We can use specific time expressions like yesterday, last week, last month yesterday last ago Morning, afternoon, night Night, week, month, year, summer, Tuesday 5 minutes 3 months , 1 year

Spelling of regular past verbs Verb ending Spelling rule examples Most regular verbs add -ed Rain -rained Verbs ending -e add -d Arrive - arrived Verbs ending in consonant +y Change y to i and add ed Try - tried Verbs ending in vowel + add -ed y Enjoy - enjoyed Verbs ending in w, x add -ed Show - showed 2 syllables ending in vowel + consonant & with stress on the first syllable add -ed Visit - visited 1 or 2 syllables ending in double the consonant vowel + consonant & and add -ed with stress on the second syllable Stop - stopped

Pronunciation of –ed Verb ending Pronunciation Examples /p/, /k/, /f/, /sh/, /ch/ /t/ helped washed /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /th/, /j/, /m/, /n/, ng/, /l/, /r/, or in a vowel sound /d/ or /t/ /d/ played lived rained /id/ waited wanted

The simple past: irregular verbs n n She went to Africa last year. She saw a chimpanzee there. I, you, he, she, it, we, they → went Base form Past form come came teach taught eat ate put fly flew tell told

The simple past negative subject did not base form I You We They He, she, it did not didn’t have eat a dishwasher breakfast

The simple past: yes / no questions Did Subject I Did You He, she, It We They Base verb affirmative work Yes, I did You did He did It did We did negative No, I didn’t You didn’t He didn’t She didn’t It didn’t

The simple past whquestions Wh- word What When What time Where Who How why did subject Base verb I you he She we they talk about? go to the beach? stay? call? know the place? stay at the beach?

Time clauses: before & after Main clause I looked at my watch She went home Time clause before I called. after she finished. Time clause Main clause Before I had dinner, I went for a walk. After we ate, we watched TV.