Section 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Bonaparte

Section 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seizes power in France and makes himself emperor. NEXT

SECTION 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon Seizes Power Early Life • Napoleon Bonaparte—born in Corsica, attends military school, joins army Hero of the Hour • In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels attacking National Convention • Napoleon wins stunning victories in Italy, gaining popularity • News of his defeats in Egypt is suppressed Coup d’État • In November 1799, he carries out coup d’état— seizure of power • Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him NEXT

SECTION 3 Napoleon Rules France Vote of Approval • New constitution is approved through plebiscite—vote of the people Restoring Order at Home • To fix economy, he sets up national banking system, efficient tax collection • Establishes lycées—government-run public schools to train officials • Signs concordat—agreement—with pope restoring Catholicism in France • Creates Napoleonic Code—uniform system of laws Napoleon Crowned as Emperor • In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France NEXT

SECTION 3 Napoleon Creates an Empire Loss of American Territories • In 1801, Napoleon attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue but fails • Gives up on the Americas and concentrates on Europe • Sells the Louisiana Territory to United States for $15 million in 1803 Conquering Europe • Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces against Napoleon • Napoleon crushes enemy forces in several brilliant battles • Napoleon forces Austria, Russia, Sweden to sign peace treaties Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 3 continued Napoleon Creates an Empire The Battle of Trafalgar • In 1805, British win Battle of Trafalgar—ensures British naval superiority • This defeat forces Napoleon to give up plan of invading Britain • Looks for another way to control Britain The French Empire • Napoleon controls Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Ottomans • Has puppet rulers in some countries, alliances with others • French Empire reaches largest extent from 1807 to 1812 NEXT

Section 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. NEXT

SECTION 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Continental System • Napoleon strikes Britain through blockade—forced closing of ports • Continental System—economic plan to strengthen Europe, weaken Britain • Smugglers and uncooperative allies make France’s blockade fail • Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger navy • Americans fight Britain in War of 1812; war does no major damage to Britain Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Peninsular War • Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest • Napoleon makes his brother king of Spain, making things worse • Spanish fight as guerrillas—small groups that attacked and then disappear • British aid Spanish guerrillas • Napoleon loses 300, 000 soldiers during this Peninsular War • Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Invasion of Russia • Relations with Russia break down, Napoleon decides to invade • In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420, 000 men • Russians use scorched-earth policy— destroying crops, livestock • In September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow after Battle of Borodino • Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and burning • Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather NEXT

SECTION 4 Napoleon’s Downfall Napoleon Suffers Defeat • Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon • Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers • Napoleon finally surrenders and is exiled to island of Elba The Hundred Days • Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown and Napoleon returns from exile • Waterloo—British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon’s army • This defeat ends Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power NEXT

Section 5 The Congress of Vienna After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna try to restore order and reestablish peace. NEXT

SECTION 5 The Congress of Vienna Metternich’s Plan for Europe A Meeting of Nations • Congress of Vienna—series of meetings that reshape Europe Metternich and the Great Powers • Klemens von Metternich—foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress • Balance of power—a chief Metternich goal, with no one country a threat Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 5 continued Metternich’s Plan for Europe The Containment of France • Kingdom of the Netherlands formed, and Switzerland made independent • Austria dominates new German Confederation of 39 German states • Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding Genoa Balance of Power • European powers weaken France but leave it mostly intact Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 5 continued Metternich’s Plan for Europe Legitimacy • Legitimacy—monarchs deposed by Napoleon are returned to thrones • Leaders hope to restore order through these changes • Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments together • Fair deals are worked out so that the meeting does not lead to more war • European nations agree to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years NEXT

SECTION 5 Political Changes Beyond Vienna Conservative Europe • Holy Alliance—Russia, Prussia, Austria pledge to fight revolution • Concert of Europe—European nations pledge to help fight revolutions • Conservative governments rule across Europe, but new ideas have impact Revolutions in Latin America • Napoleon’s replacing king of Spain set off rebellions in Spanish America • Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gain independence Long-Term Legacy • Britain, Prussia gain power; spreading nationalism leads to revolutions NEXT