Section 3 Fission and Fusion Fission is the

Fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts. In nuclear

Fission The fission of uranium-235 yields smaller nuclei, neutrons, and energy. Neutron

Fission The fission of uranium-235 yields smaller nuclei, neutrons, and energy. Neutron Energy

Fission Triggering a Chain Reaction • In a chain reaction, neutrons released during the

Fission In an uncontrolled chain reaction, all of the released neutrons are free to

Fission In a controlled chain reaction, some of the neutrons are absorbed by other

Fission Unfortunately, a product of controlled chain reactions is radioactive waste. A crane lowers

Fusion is a process in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form

Fusion The sun and other stars are powered by the fusion of hydrogen into

Fusion The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory was one

Fission vs Fusion F I S S I O N Fission • 235 U

Assessment Questions 1. Which of the following statements about nuclear fission is false? a.

Assessment Questions 2. Why has nuclear fusion not been used to produce power on

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Section 3: Fission and Fusion

Fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts. In nuclear fission, tremendous amounts of energy can be produced from very small amounts of mass. E = mc 2

Fission The fission of uranium-235 yields smaller nuclei, neutrons, and energy. Neutron

Fission The fission of uranium-235 yields smaller nuclei, neutrons, and energy. Neutron Energy

Fission Triggering a Chain Reaction • In a chain reaction, neutrons released during the splitting of an initial nucleus trigger a series of nuclear fissions.

Fission Nuclear Fission of Uranium-235

Fission

Fission In an uncontrolled chain reaction, all of the released neutrons are free to cause other fissions. • The result is a fast, intense release of energy. • Nuclear weapons are designed to produce uncontrolled chain reactions.

Fission In a controlled chain reaction, some of the neutrons are absorbed by other materials. The heat from controlled chain reactions can be used to generate electrical energy, which doesn’t emit pollutants.

Nuclear Power Plant

Fission Unfortunately, a product of controlled chain reactions is radioactive waste. A crane lowers drums of radioactive waste into a landfill in Hanford, Washington.

Fusion is a process in which the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a larger nucleus. A small fraction of the reactant mass is converted into energy. Fusion produces more energy than fission!!

Fusion

Fusion The sun and other stars are powered by the fusion of hydrogen into helium. • requires extremely high temperatures (10 to 100 million o. C). • Hydrogen must be in the plasma state (difficult to contain)

Fusion The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory was one of the very few fusion reactors that have been built.

Fission vs Fusion F I S S I O N Fission • 235 U is limited • meltdown risk • radioactive waste • less energy vs. Fusion F U S I O N • Hydrogen is abundant • no meltdown risk • harmless product • not yet sustainable

Assessment Questions 1. Which of the following statements about nuclear fission is false? a. Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two smaller parts. b. Fission produces tremendous amounts of energy from a small mass. c. Mass is conserved during nuclear fission. d. Fission does not always yield the same products.

Assessment Questions 2. Why has nuclear fusion not been used to produce power on Earth. a. Fusion only occurs in high temperature plasmas, which cannot yet be controlled. b. Nuclear fusion requires deuterium, which is not available on Earth. c. Fusion does not produce enough energy to justify its use. d. Scientists do not yet know how to start a fusion reaction.