Section 2 1 and 2 2 Alkaline alkaline

Section 2. 1 and 2. 2

� A-lkaline, alkaline earth, atoms, atomic number, atomic mass, actinoid, Anions � B-oron, basic, bonds, BOHR � C-ombine, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, chart, covalent bonds, compounds, Cations � D-ioxide, ‘di’atomic, Dalton � E-lectrons, electron cloud, elements � F-lorine, flora carbons, family � G-roup, gold � H-ydrogen, hydrogen bonds � I-ons, ionic bond, ISOTOPE � J- Iodine � K-Potassium � L-itium, lanthanoid � M-etals, magnesium, mercury, Mendeleev, molecule, metalloids � N-eutrons, negative, nucleus, noble gases, neutral, non-metals, neon, nitrogen � O-xygen, oxide, oxygen group, oxidation, � P-eriodic table, protrons, positive, period � Q- Quark � R-ow, radio active, Rutherford, � S-odium, silicone, ‘shell’, symbol � T-itanium, transition metals , Thompson � U-ranium � V-alence � W- Tungsten � X-enon � Y- Yttrium � Z-inc, zigzag

� BIO. A. 2. 1. 1 Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth � (e. g. , freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion).

� Atom � CHOPSN � Proton � Cohesion � Neutron � Adhesion � Electron � Specific � Ionic � Acid Bond � Covalent Bond � Hydrogen Bond � Molecule � Base � Solute � Solvent heat

� Living things consist of atoms of different elements � Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons � Atoms bonds share pairs of electrons in covalent

Type I Response Box 1 List as many ‘points’ that pop into your head when you see this table. DO NOT LIST INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OR SPECIFIC NUMBERS.

� The atom is the smallest basic unit of matter �Atoms are teeny tiny How Small Are Atoms?

� There are three parts of a an atom Subatomic particle Charge Location proton _____ Positive Nucleus neutron Neutral _____ Nucleus electron _____ Surrounding nucleus Negative

� An element is one particular type of atom , and it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means �Gold �Aluminum �Helium

� In biology, there are SIX very important elements carbon �____ �Hydrogen oxygen �_____ �Phosphorus �Sulfur nitrogen �____ ELEMENTS OF LIFE N S P O CH

� The number of protons determines the identity of an element WH ELE ICH MEN IS IT T ? �Carbon: 6 protons �Oxygen: 8 protons � The number of electrons determines the property of an element �Carbon: 6 electrons, 4 on OUTSIDE �Oxygen: 8 electrons, 6 on OUTSIDE HOW DOE S ACT IT ?

Response Box 2 Type I DRAW THE DIAGRAM AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS BELOW. Label the diagram with Electrons(-) Neutrons Protons(+) 1) Protons 2) Neutrons 3) Electrons Then, determine the name of the element by writing the name ABOVE the diagram. In at least two sentences, describe how you determined the identity of the atom.

� Atoms rarely are found alone in nature will do ANYTHING to get to 8 electrons on the outside � They �Steal �Dump �Share

ARGON ________ HELIUM ________ Yes / No SODIUM ________ ALUMINUM ________ NEON ________ Yes / No OXYGEN ________

Response Box 3 Type I Think about the 4 elements that make up the MAJORITY of living things. List them and then describe how likely they are to bond with other elements. (Are they likely to give electrons away or take them from other elements? ) C H O N 4 valence electrons. Likely to bond in a VARIETY of ways 1 valence electrons. Likely to bond or ‘dump’ electron 6 valence electrons. Likely to bond to gain 2 electrons 5 valence electrons. Likely to bond to gain 3 electrons

�A compound is a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together �Result of sharing, stealing, or dumping electrons �Atoms bonded in a specific ratio

Response Box 4 Type I Organize the parts from smallest to largest Neutron, Atom, Electron, Proton, Compound, Element, Electron, Proton/Neutron, Atom, Element, Compound

CARBON � Carbon bonds can form many various _____ to form �Carbohydrates �Proteins �Nucleic acids �Lipids Crash Course - Carbon

Ionic bonds � _________ are formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions �Opposites � Ex: attract! Salt aka sodium chloride (Na. Cl) �Positive sodium (Na+) �Negative chloride (Cl-)

� Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons. � Results in a change in electrical charge �Gain e�Lose e- becomes ________ negative positive becomes ________

� Not all atoms easily gain or lose their electrons! share � Some atoms ______ their electrons instead! Covalent � _______ Bond: forms when atoms share a pair of electrons �Usually a very strong bond �Atoms may have several covalent bonds to share several electrons

� Molecule: two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds � Ex: carbon dioxide (CO 2) �Carbon atoms needs 4 electrons to fill outer level, oxygen needs two �Carbon shares with 2 oxygen!

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

Word Bank for Venn Diagram Created by electrons Share Electrons Change Chemical Properties CO 2 H 2 O Opposites attract Form Compounds Dump/Steal Electrons Fill out shell Stronger Bonds Both are Bonds Na. Cl Not as Strong as Covalent

Ionic Bonds Dump/Steal Electrons Opposites attract Na. Cl Not as Strong as Covalent Bonds Created by electrons Both are Bonds Form Compounds Share Electrons Fill out shell CO 2 H 2 O Stronger Bonds Change Chemical Properties

1. What distinguishes one element from another? 2. Describe the formation of an ionic compound. 3. What is the difference between and ionic bond a covalent bond? 4. How does a molecule differ from an atom?

� Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water. � Many compounds dissolve in water. � Some compounds form acids or bases. Crash Course - Water

CELLS • Organisms’ bodies, (their _______), WATER are made up of mostly __________ STRUCTURE • The water in cells gives the cell ________ TRANSPORTS and __________ materials within organisms. • All of the processes necessary for an organism’s life take place within the WATERY ENVIRONMENT of the cell _______________

___________ 1. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT ___________ 2. COHESION ___________ 3. ADHESION

Negative Charge POLAR • Water is a “_______” molecule • Form when atoms in a molecule UNEQUAL pulls on the have ______ ELECTRONS they share. _______ Positive Charge • Opposite charges of polar molecules can HYDROGEN interact to form __________ bonds. Ted - water • An attraction between a slightly Shared Electrons POSITIVE ________ hydrogen atom and a slightly _______ atom. NEGATIVE (Usually ________________) OR NITROGEN • OXYGEN Hydrogen bonds are part of the structures of ________ and PROTEINS of _______ DNA Polarity Makes Water Behave Strangely

HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT • Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally ______________. RESISTS • Water _________ changes in temperature because it must _______ more __________ to increase in temperature. Absorb heat energy

Cohesion: the attraction among _________ of the same MOLECULES substance. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules ___________. STICK TOGETHER Cohesion produces _________, SURFACE TENSION ( “skin on water” )

Capillary Action Adhesion: the attraction among _________ MOLECULES of _______ DIFFERENT substances. For example, water molecules stick to other things. Water in a test tube, (water is attracted to the ______) GLASS

� How does water get to the leaves in the tops of the tallest trees against the force of gravity. Be sure to describe the type of molecules involved and name ALL of the properties of water that allow this phenomenon to occur. CAPILLARY ACTION is the process where water climbs up plants against gravity due to the cohesive and adhesive properties of water. Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has opposite charges at the molecule’s poles. In the ground, water ‘clumps’ together because the water molecules are attracted to each other because of their opposite charges. This attraction is known as COHESION. The bonds that are formed between polar molecules are called HYDROGEN BONDS. Water is also attracted to the cells of the plants because the plant cells are polar as well. The attraction between two different molecules, (water and plant), is called ADHESION. Once again, hydrogen bonds are formed between the plant cells and the water molecules. Hence, the water ‘climbs’ up the plant because of the attraction to the plant cells and water ‘flows’ up the tree because the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules ‘pull’ each other up the plant until they escape the leaves through evaporation,

Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. This means that wherever water goes, either through the ground, the air, or THROUGH OUR BODIES, it takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients. WHY? _____________________ IT’S POLARITY What needs to be dissolved in the body? Sugar Salt Food

� Describe the 3 unique properties of water and how they support life on Earth.

Materials such as SUGARS ________ and ______ cannot be OXYGEN transported form one part of an organism to another unless they are dissolved in blood, plant sap, or other water based fluids. SOLUTION _______: Mixture of a substance that is the same throughout. SOLVENT ______: Substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves another substance. SOLUTE ______: Substance that dissolves in a solvent.

ACIDS BASES Some compounds form _______ or _______ BREAK UP IONS because they ________ into ________ WATER when they dissolve in ______. BASE : Compounds that ACID: Compounds that release a proton - a hydrogen ion(H+) – when it dissolves in water release OH- ions from a solution

� Draw 5 molecules of water. � Show-with labels-the charges and hydrogen bonds between molecules � In your drawing, demonstrate why one side is positive and the other is negative.

1. How do polar molecules form hydrogen bonds? 2. What determines whether a compound will dissolve in water? 3. Compare acids and bases. 4. How do polar molecules differ from non-polar molecules? How does this difference affect their interactions? 5. Describe an example of cohesion or adhesion that you might observe during your daily life.

A detailed look at the process of polymerization

� BIO. A. 2. 2. 1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. BIO. A. 2. 2. 2 Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers. BIO. A. 2. 2. 3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms � BIO. A. 2. 3. 1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. � BIO. A. 2. 3. 2 Explain how factors such as p. H, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function

� ATP � Monomer � Carbohydrates � Nucleic � Catalyst � Dehydration synthesis � Hydrolysis � lipid acid � Polymerization � Product � Protein � Reactant

� Monomer- one molecule � Nucleic acid- genetic information � Polymer- many molecules, (macromolecules) � Polymerization- process of taking monomers and making polymers � Product- outcome/result of a chemical reaction � Protein- polymer made up of amino acids � Reactant- parts involved in a chemical reaction � ATP- ENERGY molecule needed by body cells � Carbohydrates-molecules made up carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hydrates) � Catalyst- start chemical reactions and lowers the amount of energy needed to initiate reaction � Dehydration synthesis- putting something together by removing water � Hydrolysis- pulling something apart by adding water � Lipid- fatty molecule

polymers from smaller large molecules (_____) ones (_____) monomers � Building • Several step process ALL KINDS OF POLYMERS

� Polymer or Monomer?

glucose Both are _______

together

enzyme

enzyme carries out a reaction between the _____ two monomers � This Dehydration ______: synthesis • ______ Joins two molecules together by REMOVING _______ water AKA: condensation reaction

two REMEMBER, DIMER MEANS ____!

� The enzyme can carry out numerous dehydration molecule is synthesis reactions until a macro ______ created �EX: _______ starch Each one of these monomers is glucose ______

You better believe it!

� Process hydrolysis called ______. hydro • “ _____” means water • “ _____” means to split or loosen lysis adding water to • This enzyme works by _____ a polymer General process name: depolymerization turning polymers back into monomers

ENZYME H 2 O

What was previous a dimer is now two _______ again monomers

� Carbon � Four atoms have unique bonding properties. main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

PROTEIN __________ LIPIDS __________ CARBOHYDRATES __________ ATP __________ NUCLEIC ACID __________ Crash Course – You are what you eat Bozeman – Molecules of life

� Each subunit of a complete carbonbased molecule is called a monomer _______ polymer _______ is a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together �A �Monomers of a polymer may be the same (ex. Starches) �Or different (proteins)

COMPOUND BUILDING BLOCK (POLYMER) (MONOMER) PROTEIN AMINO ACID LIPID (FAT) FATTY ACID CARBOHYDRATE SUGARS NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDE

1. Amino Acids are to proteins as nucleotides are to __________. 2. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are to carbohydrates as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfer, and nitrogen are to ________ 3. Glucose is to monosaccaride as __________ is to polysaccaride. 4. Amino acid is to 5. DNA is to nucleic acid as ______________ is to protein

Bozeman - Carbohydrates � Carbohydrates are molecules composed of hydrogen carbon, _______, and oxygen �Include sugars & starches �Can be broken down to provide useable energy for cells �Major part of plant cell structure � The most basic carbs are simple sugars, monosaccharides ____________ polymers are _______ of monosaccharides � Polysaccharides

Bozeman - Carbohydrates

� Proteins are the most varied of the carbonbased molecules in organisms �Have a role in movement, eyesight, digestion, etc �A protein is a polymer made of monomers called amino acids Amino acids � _________ are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur �Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins �The body makes 12 of the 20, the other 8 come from food Bozeman - Proteins

Bozeman - Lipids � Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol �Contain chains of carbon bonded to oxygen & hydrogen �Energy storage cell membrane �Phospholipids make up ___________ Fatty acids � ________ are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. �Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon bonds (solid @ room temp) �Unsaturated fatty acids have double carbon bonds (liquid @ room temp)

Bozeman - Lipids

You Are What You Eat: Organic Molecules

ENERGY CARRYING • MAJOR ___________ MOLECULE IN CELL. CARBOHYDRATES AND _____ LIPIDS • ENERGY IN _________ AND PROTEINS ___________ MUST BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN CELL TO BE USED.

Bozeman – Nucleic acids � Detailed instructions to build proteins are stored in extremely long carbon-based molecules called nucleic acids Nucleic acids �__________ are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides PROTEIN • HAVE ALL INFO NEEDED TO MAKE _____. BLUE PRINT • “________” OF LIFE. • BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEOTIDES _______. DNA RNA • TWO TYPES: ____ AND _______.

Bozeman – Nucleic acids

1. What is the relationship between a polymer and a monomer? Monomers are the basic units of organic compounds that make up Polymers, (which are macromolecules of organic compounds) 2. Explain how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that make up the polymers. Nucleic acids are made up of the monomers called nucleotides and proteins are made up of the monomers called amino acids. Therefore they are both polymers. 3. How are carbohydrates and lipids similar? How are they different? Both carbohydrates and lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They differ in the way they provide organisms energy: Carbs provide short term energy, and lipids provide long term energy. (Diagrams-carbs are arranged in ‘rings’ and lipids are long carbon ‘chains’ 4. Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things? Because carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, it allows carbon to be versatile with bonding properties. Carbon can bond in several arrangements: chains, branches, and rings. It can form single and double covalent bonds.

� Describe the unique characteristics of carbon that allow it form biological macromolecules

� Explain how you would identify each macromolecule by looking at a diagram of the macromolecule.

Chemical Reactions

� Bonds break and form during chemical reactions. � Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.

� Bonds break & �Plant/Animal form during chemical reactions cells break down sugars to get usable energy �Cells build protein molecules by bonding amino acids together � Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHILE GETTING A DATE FOR DANCE

� are the substance changed during a chemical reactions Reactants �Oxygen (O 2) & Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) are the substances made by a chemical reaction � Products �Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) & Water (H 2 O) 6 O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Reactants 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O Products

� Energy needed to break bonds in molecules is _____ released � Energy is ______ when bonds are formed

� Generous chemical RXNs that release more energy than they absorb �= Exothermic reaction �Excess energy is the difference in bond energy between the reactants and products �Excess energy is often released as heat or light Cellular respiration releases usable energy for your cells & heat!

� Greedy chemical RXNs that absorb more energy than they release �= Endothermic reaction In photosynthesis, plants absorb energy from sunlight and use that to make sugars and carbohydrates

� Some energy must first be absorbed by the reactants in ANY chemical reaction �The � amount of energy needed will vary is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start Activation energy �Push a rock up a hill

1. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) breaks down into water (H 2 O) and oxygen (O 2). Explain why this is a chemical reaction. What are the reactants and the products in the reaction? 2. How does energy related to the formation and breaking of bonds? 3. How do endothermic and exothermic reactions differ?

Enzymes Enzyme Animation Bozeman - Enzymes

�A catalyst lowers activation energy. � Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.

� To start a chemical RXN, activation energy is necessary �The reaction may happen very slowly �Reactants may not interact enough, may not be high enough concentration � Activation energy & rate of a chemical reaction can be changed by a chemical catalyst �A decreases catalyst is a substance that ________ the activation energy needed to start a reaction rate �Also increases the ____ of the reaction

Enzymes � _______ are catalysts for reactions in living things �Lower the activation energy �Increase the rate of the reaction �Do not effect chemical equilibrium Does not change the direction of the reaction � Almost all enzymes are �Depend proteins on their structure to function correctly �Conditions such as temperature and p. H can affect the function

� An enzyme’s structure is vital because their shape allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme �The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called substrates � Substrates called bind to enzymes at specific places active sites �Substrates exactly fit the active sites of enzymes, like a key exactly fits a lock �This is why if an enzyme’s structure changes, it may not work

Quia Quiz Enzyme Song

1. How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction? 2. Describe how the interaction between an enzyme and its substrates changes a chemical reaction. 3. Some organisms live in very hot or very cold acidic environments. Would their enzymes function in a person’s cells? Why or why not? 4. Suppose that the amino acids that make up an enzyme’s active site are changed. How might this change affect the enzyme?

� Explain how changes in environment impacts an enzyme Be sure to include the terms: denature, active site, substrate, p. H, and temperature.

Monomer

Polymer

Function

Elements

Put them all together!