Section 13 Adjectives and Adverbs Section 13 Adjectives

Section 13 Adjectives • and Adverbs •

Section 13/ Adjectives and Adverbs -13. 1 1. Adjectives always come before nouns. A big table • 2. Adjectives can also come after verb to be • The big table is big- big tables are big- was – were • 3. Adjectives do not take a plural form: • Say the tables are big / don’t say the tables are bigs. • 4. Nouns can also be used to describe other nouns • a coffee cup- a girl school. • We all know that nouns can be singular and plural. • but the nouns that describe other nouns are always • Singular. See page 166 • a notepad- a light bulb- a key ring- a coffee pot- a tea cup- a perfume bottle- sunglasses- paperclips- a toothbrush

13. 2 / Word Order of Adjectives A beautiful large old 1 2 3 opinion size age red wooden Chinese box. • 4 5 6 • color materi natio al nality Gold-new- credit card • A new gold [credit card] • Diamond interesting • An interesting diamond [bracelet] • Japanese-new-small • A small new Japanese computer •

13. 3 / The same (as) , similar (to), and different ( from) Photo A and Photo B are the same. • Or we can say; • Photo A is the same as photo B • Her dress and my dress are the same • Or we can say: • Her dress is the same as my dress • We can also use the world [similar] • Photo A is similar to B • Her dress is similar to my dress. • if you don’t think they are similar. You can say • Photo A is different from B. • Her dress is different from my dress. •

13. 4 / Like and Alike Similar Their friends are alike The daughter is like the mother. • [ alike ] is adjective. It means • similar The mother and the daughter are alike. • Terry and Jerry have similar flats. Their flats are alike. • • Similar flats • The flats are alike

13. 5/ Comparative form of adjectives: -er / ‘more’ My house is bigger than his house. • My house is more expensive than his house. His brother is older than his sister. • My room is more beautiful than her room. Hot – hotter than • Happy- happier than • Good- better than • Bad- worse than • Far – farther/ further than This lesson is more difficult than the first lesson. •

13. 6/ as big as , not as big as, less than As big as = this room is as big as my room. • Not as big as [ or any adjective] • Not as small as : This class is not as small as his • class. *We use less than with long adjective • Example: My car is less comfortable than his car. • Ahmed is less intelligent than Joe •

13. 7/ Superlative est- most long Longer than The longest happy Happier than the happiest good Better than The best bad Worse than The worst

The most one of the most [ 13. 8] We use [most] with longer adjectives; • She is the most famous woman. • She is one of the most famous women • It is the most difficult lesson. • It is one of the most difficult lessons. • The Nile river is one of the longest rivers. •

13. 9 / Adjectives and Adverbs An adjective describes the noun and usually answers the • question “what’? What color is the car. It is red. An adverb describes the verb, and the adjective and usually • answers the question “How’? How does he walk? He walks slowly • You add ‘ly’ to the adjective ‘slow’. Slow- slowly • You add ‘’ ily’ to the adjective ‘happy’and remove the ý’. • Happy- he talks happily – easy- easily • Some adjectives are the same as adverbs: • Fast-hard- late- early. The car is fast. Fast is an adjective. • How does he drive? He drives fast. Fast is an adverb. • How does he work? He works hard. Hard is an adverb. • Some adverbs are irregular. The boy is good. • How does the boy feel? He feels well. Well is irregular •

Rules to form adverbs Adjectives Adverbs we add –ly to the adjectives Slow beautiful We take –y and add ily Happy easy work Slowly Looks beautifully Speak happily Talks easily Fast Hard Late early Walk fast Looks hard Works late Sleeps early Some adverbs are the same as adjectives Some adverbs are irregular good Feels well

13. 10/ Comparative and superlative forms of Adverbs 1. A snail moves more slowly than a tortoise. • more silently [ comparative] • The snail moves the most slowly of all animals. • the most silently[ superlative] • We compare adverbs ending in-ly with • more – the most • 2. For adverbs which have the same form as • adjectives We add –er – est [ like adjective /comp-super] • Faster- the fastest – harder- the hardest • 3. irregular : well- better – the best • bad- worse – the worst [ like adjectives] •

13. 10/ Comparative and superlative forms of Adverbs We compare Adverbs endingin- easily df • ly with more and most Comparative More easily Superlative Moves the most easily For adverbs which Fast have the same Hard forms of early adjectives, we add er- est Faster Harder earlier irregular Better worse Talks the fastest Looks the. 1 hardest Comes the earliest Talks the best Works the worst Well bad

Section 4 The Present Perfect • I have been here since 1999. • She has been a teacher for 5 years. •

The Verb present perfect of to be : for and since The Present Perfec • I have been here since 1999. • She has been a teacher for 5 years. • Contraction • I’ve been here since 1990. • She’s been here for 5 years •

Affiramative statement [14. 1] subject Have/has Past participle Since/ For I have of to be been You have been here for 3 hours Since last week He-sheit has been here for 3 hours Since May We have been here for 3 hours Since 2001 They have been here for 3 hours Since yesterday here for 3 hours Since Monday

Contractions k • I have I’ve been I haven’t You have You’ve been You haven’t She has She’s been She hasn’t They have They’ve been They haven’t

Why we use the Present Perfect We use the Present perfect to talk about an action or • situation that started in the past and continuous up to the present. Started or not started [ perfected or not perfected] I have done my homework since last week. [ perfected] • I haven’t done my homework yet. [ not perfected] • We often use the present perfect with ‘for’ or ‘since. ’ • We use the present perfect to talk about how long the • action existed in the past to the present. We use ‘since’to talk about when a period of time began. • We use ‘for’to talk about a length of time. •

The Present Perfect Have or Has + regular – irregular past [ past participle] regular Past participle irregular Past participle worked Have. Worked Was/ were Have- has been played Have-has Have – has had live Have- has lived Go see Have- has gone Seen

The present perfect with regular verbs and irregular verbs [14. 2] Affirmative statement • subject Have- has Past participle For- since I have worked for two years You have lived here since 1997 he-she - it has gone for one week We have had you have studied the book for one year English since June they have owned the car for five years

More present perfect verbs in the Negative I have seen my uncle. I haven’t seen my uncle. • You have gone to America. You haven’t gone to America. • He has spoken to me. He hasn’t spoken to me. • Salma has opened the door. Salma hasn’t opened the door. • We have written a letter. We haven’t written a letter. • They have had a problem. They haven’t had a problem. •

The present perfect negative and questions [ 14. 3] I have worked in an office. Have I worked in an office? You have lived in Cairo. Have you lived in Cairo? She has visited her friends. Has she visited her friends? We have played outside. Have we played outside? They have gone out. Have they gone out? ____________ Yes , I have – you have- he has- we have- they have. No, I haven’t – you haven’t- he hasn’t- we haven’t- they haven’t

Wh – question and How long- ever / never [14. 4] How long have you been here ? • How long have you worked here? • Have you ever studied French? • I have never studied French. • Have you ever been to Canada? • I have never been to Canada. • • We often use [ever] with the present perfect to ask questions. Ever Means: at any time up to now.

The End

Food And Nutrition Chapter 8 •

• Nouns: • • • Chapter 8 Food and Nutrition/p. 147 Centers: important places Diabetes: sugar disease diet: a way of eating irony: not agreeing Obesity: very fat Rubens: thousands: Titian: Verbs: : again/money- join /the class- spend/ time Adjectives: attractive woman- dairy product- fried potatoes- raw meat- slim person- ugly person Conjunction: while

New Foods, new Diets Diet of the Past • A. On March 26, 1662, Samuel Pepys and four friends had • lunch at his home in London, England. They ate beef, cheese, two kinds of fish, and six chickens. Today, we might wonder, ‘What ? No fruits ? No vegetables’? ’’ More than 300 years ago, people in Europe ate different from today. They looked different , too. In famous paintings by Titian, Rubens, and other artists, people weren’t thin: they were overweight. But people 300 years ago thought, ‘ How attractive!’- not , ”How ugly”. Today’s Diet • B. Today people are learning more about health. Many • peole are changing their ways of eating. They’re eating a lot of fruits and vegetables. Many of the vegetables are raw. They aren’t cooked because cooking takes away some vitamins, such as vitamins A, B, and C. People are eating less sugar. They’re eating low-fat foods. They’re not eating much red meat. They’re drinking less cola and coffee.

o Trying to be Thin • C. People these days want to be slim, not fat. Sometimes • people in North America go a little crazy to lose pounds. Thousands of them join gyms and diet groups, go to special diet doctors, or spend a lot of money at diet centers. Each year Americans spend more than $46 billion on diets and diet products. More people are overweight • D. However, there is an irony- a surprising opposite result-to • all this dieting. While many people are becoming thin, other people are becoming overweight. More people are overweight than in the past! In many countries, there is a serious problem with obesity –in other words, a condition of being very overweight. There are two main reasons. First, these days, many people often go to fast- food restaurants. ( they didn’t in the past) At these restaurants, many of the foods ( such as fried potatoes and meat) are high in fat. Some of the dairy products ( such as cheese) are high in fat, and others.

s ( such as ice cream) are high in fat and sugar. This seems • similar to Samuel Pepys’s party, doesn’t it? Second, dieting doesn’t often work. Sometimes people lose weight fast, but they usually gain it back again. Almost 95 percent of all people gain back weight after a diet. One problem with obesity is easy to see: overweight people have more sickness, such as heart disease and diabetes. E. Sometimes people go crazy over food. Sometimes they • eat very little because they want to be slim. Other times, they eat lots of bad foods because these foods taste good. When will people learn? Too much food, too little food, and the wrong foods are all bad ideas.

Part 2 / Eating Bugs/ page 151 A. Different cultures enjoy different foods. Sometimes a food • that one thinks is delicious might seem disgusting to another. In much of the world, people eat beef, but the idea of meat from a cow disgusts some Hindus in India. People in France sometimes eat horsemeat or frogs, and this disgusts some Americans. People in Western countries eat cheese, and many Asian think that is disgusting. And then there are insects. Many people wonder , “How can people eat bugs? ”( Children in the U. S make horrible faces and say, Óooh! Yucky!’) However, insects are an important part of the diets in many countries. B. In different places, people eat over 1, 000 types of insects • – and ate them in the past, too. For example, people in ancient (old) Greece and Rome ate insects. American Indians ate grasshoppers, crickets, and caterpillars. Today, in parts of African, people eat termites( insects that eat wood) and caterpillars as snacks. In Japan, some people eat grasshoppers with soy sauce. In small villages and in some restaurants in Thailand, people enjoy crickets and grasshoppers. In some Mexican restaurants, people pay $25

ic In the United States, Some restaurants now offer insects as a gourmet food. In China, people spend $100 million each year on ants. C. There are different ways to prepare bugs as food. One way is to boil them in very hot water. In Colombia , some people spread them on bread. In the Philippines, people fry them in butter with vegetables. In Mexico, people fry them in oil or marinate them in lemon juice, salt, and chile. In some parts of Africa, some people bake or fry them. In other areas, they eat them raw. ( However, entomologists –scientists who study insects- say that it’s important to cook insects, not eat them raw. ) In the United States, a company called Hotix now sells candy with insects in it. D. Julieta Ramos- Elorduy, a researcher at a university in Mexico City, says that there are many good reasons to eat bugs. First, insects are a cheap food( except on a plate in an expensive restaurant) , and they taste good. Second, bugs are good for our health. For example, they often have more protein than beef or fish. Third, they can bring money to poor people, who find them

a In the forest and sell them. In parts of Africa, there are • seven pounds of insects on just one tree. This brings a good profit for every little work. Finally, eating insects can help to save the environment. In many countries, people cut down trees. However, they will not do this if the trees have insects to eat or sell. E. People worldwide are now eating foods from other • countries. People in the West now enjoy Japanese sushi( a small roll of cooked white rice served with a garnish of raw fish, vegetables, or egg). People everywhere eat Italian pizza and American hamburgers. Maybe someday, in a fast-food restaurant in any country, a customer will say, ‘Give me a hamburger and an order of a caterpillars, please. ’In the future, insects might be as familiar to us as rice, bread, or beans.

Previewing vocabulary Bugs • Nouns Disgusting • Entomologists Asians-bugs • entomologists. Except • Protein • insects-protein. Worldwide • snacks Adjectives Deliciousdisgusting Verbs Bake- boil-disgust Fry-marinate Adverb Worldwide Conjuction Except

Part 3/ Practical English page 155 Food item calories Fat ( in grams) • Apple 80. 0 • Milk ( 1 glass) 149 8. 1 • ____________________ • 1. How many calories does Bill’s steak have? ------242— 2. How much fat does it have? -------14. 7 ------ • 3. How many calories do Maria’s grapes have? ---51 ----- • 4. How much fat do they have? -----. 1 •

Part 4 Vocabulary Practice Asians- attractive- boil- bugs- cows- • delicious- disgusting- environment- ironymotherless- obesity- healthy- insects- rawslim- snack- teenager- ugly- volunteer Join- diet- lose- spend-dairy- gain- calories • - worldwide- overweight- diabetes- bugsentomologist- slim- unattractive- sicknesshealth- ants- fry

Sleep and Dream Chapter 6

The purpose of sleep and dreams before you read Stage: a certain time • Symbols; signs that tell something • Theories: opinions • Verbs: to occur: to happen • to predict: to tell the future • to repair: to fix • to wonder: to keep asking yourself • Adjective: awake- not sleeping • Adverb: however- but •

The purpose of sleep and dreams A. Many people wonder : Why do we sleep? Why do we dream? They ask themselves the purpose , or reason. There are many theories, or opinions, about this, but scientists don’t know if these ideas are correct. B. One theory of sleeps says that during the day, we • use many important chemicals in our bodies and brains. We need sleep to make new chemicals and repair , or fix, our bodies. This theory is called ‘Repair theory, ’ One piece of evidence for this theory is that our bodies produce more of a growth hormone while we sleep. Another theory is that the purpose of sleep is to dream. Dreaming occurs or happens, only during one stage, or period , of sleep- REM ( Rapid Eye Movement) sleep. •

The Purpose of Sleep and Dreams REM sleep occurs about every 90 minutes and last for about 20 • minutes. Some scientists believe that REM sleep helps us to remember things, but other scientists don’t agree. Dream Theories • C. Whatever the reason for sleep, everyone, sleeps, and everyone • dreams every night. Many times we don’t remember our dreams, but we still dream. Like sleep, no one knows exactly why we dream or what dreams mean. There have been many theories about dreams throughout history. Many cultures believe that dreams can predict the future- that they can tell us what is going to happen to us. However, some people believe that dreams are only a form of entertainment. D. Psychologists such as Sigmund Freud say that dreams are not • predictions of the future. Psycologists have strong beliefs about dreams. However, these scientists don’t always agree with each other. There are several different theories about the purpose of dreaming.

i E. Freud, who wrote around the year 1900, said that • dreams can tell us about our emotions- feelings- and desires, or wishes. Freud believed that our dreams are full of symbols. In other words, things in our dreams mean other things. For example, a road in a dream isn’t really a road. It might be a symbol of the dreamer’s life. Freud thought that dreams are about things from our past, from our childhood. Other psychologists say no. They believe that dreams are about the present, about our ideas, desires, and problems now. Other psychologists say that dreams have no meaning at all. New Evidence • F. We still don’t know why we dream. However, there is • interesting new evidence from research, or studies, about the brain. When we are awake, many parts of our brain are active, for example the parts for emotion, vision( the ability to see) , logic ( the ability to think and understand), and others, However, when we are asleep and dreaming, the part of the brain for logic is not active. Maybe this new evidence answers one common question: why do dreams seem so crazy?

A Dream Narrative Verbs : • Realized: knew • Traveling: going • Adjectives: • Anxious; excited or worried • Complicated: not easy • Familiar: common • Unfamiliar: uncommon • Adverbs : outside Idioms : make sense Un: means not. uncommon -er : means a person who. writer -ist: means a person who does something. Scientist -hood: a stage of life. childhood

A Dream Narrative A. This is the dream of a 40 - year old businessman. He is • married and has two children. He goes to a psychologist because he feels anxious a lot. The psychologist told him to write down his dreams. This is his dream from June 7. B. Dream 6/7 : In my dream I was in a large. It was very big • and very dark. The city seemed like New York. I was in a friend’s apartment. It was comfortable. After a few minutes, I left and went out on the street, alone. I walked for a while. Then I realized I was lost. I couldn’t find my friend’s apartment again. I started to feel uncomfortable. I tried to return to the apartment but all of the streets looked unfamiliar and completely, and I didn’t know my friend’s address. I began to feel anxious.

s C. I kept walking. I wanted to find something familiar. It • was getting late. I decided to go home. I knew my home was outside the city. I saw buses on the street, but I didn’t know which one to take. I couldn’t find a way to leave the city. There was a way to get home, but I didn’t know it. I asked for directions. The people answered, but they didn’t make any sense. All there directions were very complicated, and I couldn’t understand them. D. Suddenly I was on a boat. The boat was traveling • across a very dangerous river. It was dark. The river was very dirty. There was a garbage in it. I couldn’t see the other side of the river, and I was afraid. I began to think, ‘I ‘ll never get home. ’ I tried to ask for help, but no one listened to me. Then I wake up.

Identifying the Main Idea What is the main idea of the reading • A. A business was in a big city at night • B. A man wrote about his dream for his • psychologist. • C. A man was trying to go home, but it was • difficult. •

Understanding Pronouns page 115 The city seemed like New York, but it didn’t look • like the real New York.

Chapter 7 Work and Lifystyles Chapter 7 • Work and Lifestyles •

Previewing Vocabulary verbs • Environment delivering • Hardships planted • Homeless prepare • Lives release • Mammals volunteer • • Volunteers • Afflictions • Stews- casseroles- soufflés [ wonderful foods] • * adjectives: famous- homeless- lonely • * adverb: daily • * expression: to take care •

Volunteering[ page 128] Pine- elm- cypress- seals- eucalyptus- seals- sea lions- sea • otters _______________________ • A. Some people go to work each day and then come home. • They spend time with their family and friends. Maybe they watch TV. Or go to a movie. Sometimes they exercise or read. This is their life. But for other people, this isn’t enough. They look around their neighborhoods and see people with terrible hardships: sickness, loneliness, and homeless. Other people see problems with the environment. Many people want to help. They volunteer. They give some of their time to help others. B. Volunteers help in many ways. Some visit sick and lonely • people. Some give their friendship to children without parents. Some build houses for homeless people. C. Andy lipkis was at a summer camp when he planted his first •

n He began to think about the environment. In many countries, • people were cutting down trees. Andy Lipkis worried about this. In 1974, he started a group, Tree. People, to plant trees: pine, elm, cypress, and eucalyptus. They also began to plant fruit trees in poor neighborhoods because fresh fruit is often too expensive for people. Today there are thousands of members of Tree. People, and more join every day. They plant millions of trees everywhere to help the environment and people. D. Ruth Brinker wasn’t planning to change the world. Then a • young friend became sick. Soon he was very sick, and he couldn’t take care of himself. Brinker and other friends began to help him. In 1985, Brinker started Project Open Hand. This group cooks meals and takes them to people. Soon Project Open Hand volunteers were cooking many meals every day and delivering them to people who couldn’t leave home. Today, volunteers prepare 2000 meals daily.

Ruth Brinker didn’t plan to change the world, but she is making • a change in people’s lives. E. Only three volunteers began the Marine Mammal Center in • northern California in 1975. Today, there are 800 volunteers. They work with mammals. Mammals are animals that feed on their mother’s milk when young. The volunteers help sick ocean mammals: seals, sea lions, and sea otters. The sick animals become well and strong. Motherless baby animals grow big and healthy. For many weeks- or sometimes months- volunteers help to feed and take care of these animals. They also work in an educational program that teaches people about these animals. The volunteers don’t get any pay for their hard work. Their ‘pay’is the good feeling on the day when they get can release a healthy animal – take it to its home, the ocean, and let it go free. • i

F. Thirty or forty years ago, most volunteers were • housewives. They volunteered time while their husbands were working. Today both men and women volunteerand teenagers and children, too. There are volunteers from all social classes, all neighborhoods, and all ages. Most aren’t rich or famous. They enjoy their volunteer work. People need them. Today, the world needs volunteers more than ever before. Perhaps a young Zulu boy from South Africa, Nkosi Johnson, said it best. Before he died at the age of 12, he made a speech that in now famous. In this speech, he said, ”Do all you can with what you have, in the time you have, in the place you are. ’ What are three hardships? ------ • What are pine, elm, cypress, and eucalyptus? ------- • What are seals, sea lions, and sea otters? ----- • y

Previewing vocabulary My special Year Nouns • Contrast • Crime • Energy • Streetchildren • Verbs • Email • Taught • Adjectives • Fun • tough •

Reading 2 / My Special Year A. My name is Pablo. I think I’m a lucky guy. I have • a good family, and we live in a nice neighborhood in a really special place, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. People travel here from many countries for their vacations. We have beautiful beaches, hotels, restaurants, shopping, and sports. B. However, in my beautiful hometown, there are • also very poor neighborhoods. These areas are crowded and have a lot of crime. Life is terrible for many of the children in these areas. Some don’t really have a childhood because they’re homeless and live on the streets. They don’t have families or education. They don’t have enough food. Most of them have chronic stress.

l C. Last year, I came back to Puerto Vallarta from my • university in Mexico City. I spent one year as a volunteer with an organization called Outreach International. They have several programs. I volunteered for one program to help street children. It was the best – and most difficult –year of my life. I learned a lot that year. D. I worked in a home for street children ( all boys , at • this one). It is in an old school that nobody uses now. At this home, the boys have a place to sleep and three meals daily. The home keeps the boys off the streets. It shows them another way of life. As a volunteer, I helped to prepare meals. I taught games- such as basketball and football- and art. I helped the kids with their homework. These kids can be fun. They have a lot of energy, but they’re also really tough. Their hardships on the streets make them strong and not always ‘sweet little children’.

e E. At this boys’ home, I met two other volunteers – Brian a • from Canada and Greg form Australia. In many ways, we were very similar. We were the same age, came from good homes, had a good education, and liked to travel. They were both college students, like me. We became friends. I helped them with Spanish, and they helped me with English. They came to meet my family, and we had fun together. Now, we email each other. But more than anything, I will always remember the children. I hope their lives can be better in the future. The contrast between their lives and my life is big. I hope they can have a good life, like I do. Word ending and meaning • -less means without and they are adjectives = homeless • -ness means a condition of and they are nouns= happiness •

Chapter 5 Grammar/ Nouns and Pronouns • 1. Mass • 2. Abstract • 3. Nouns • partitive Countable nouns How many mobiles are there? There are 16 mobiles. How many pens are there? There are 20 pens. How many books are there? There are 13 books. There are few books I want more books. Uncountable nouns Cheese is[ love is Butter is [beauty is Salt is[ happiness is Money is [advice Water is[ furniture is Weather is – information i s- music is How much water is there? There is little water. I want more water

Chapter 5 Nouns and Pronouns A- An – the I want to buy ------an-------apple. She wants to buy the apples. I want to buy some apples. I want to buy more apples. I want to buy five apples. I want to buy few apples. I don’t have any apples. Do you have any apples. I have some apples.

Grammar / Chapter 5 • Generalization • Gold is expensive • Roses are red. • Specification • The gold here is expensive. • The roses in my garden are red.

Chapter 5 Grammar / Some and Any • Some / any Non-count nouns Some I have some sugar Count Nouns Some I have some eggs. Any Are there any flowers ? No, there aren’t any flowers. IS there any information ? Do you have any information? I don’t have any

Chapter 5 • • • A cup of coffee – a loaf of bread A bunch of bananas - a pack of biscuit A bar of soap- a bottle of water- juice A box of chocolate- a tube of toothpaste A sheet of paper- a bowl of soup A glass of water A jar of jam A roll of toilet paper A slice of cake / cheese A head of lettuce A carton of milk – a can of tomatoes- a

Chapter 5 How much / How many Non – Count Nouns How much money is there? How much sugar do you have ? How much water is left? Count nouns How many books are there? How many sandwiches are left? How many tables does she have?

Whose – the genitive Possessive noun- page 79 1. Whose book is that? It is Rania’s-- book. 2. Whose pens are these? They are Noha-’s-- pens. It is Rania’s. Noha’s 3. Whose pictures are these? They are the children’s They are the boys’ –pictures 4. Whose cat is that? It is Hams’s-- cat. 5. Whose dog is that? It is Charles’s--dog. Charles’ dog.

Grammar a few- few • • • a few: There a few pens. positive Few : There are few pens. Negative There a few sandwiches in the box. Meaning: I don’t need more. There are few sandwiches. Meaning: They are not enough. You need more.

• How many slices of bread do you eat? • How much butter and cheese you put on the bread? • I put a lot of cheese • How much cereal does she eat? She eats a big bowl of cereal. • How many doughnuts does she eat? She eats 4 – • How much coffee does she drink? He drinks some coffee.