Section 105What does heritage change Case Study in

Section 105：What does heritage change? Case Study in Archaeology Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation and Management ― Taking Liangzhu, Yin Xu, and Han Yangling Sites as Cases Dongdong WANG (China) Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies Cultural Resource Management Program Kanazawa University, Japan 1

Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation and Management Special Plans 1999, The Thoughts of Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the Tenth Five-Years Plan ( 2001 -2005) 2000, Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the Tenth Five-Years Plan(2001 -2005) 2006, The Master Plan for Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the National Eleventh Five-Years Plan ( 2006 -2010) 2013, The Special Plan for Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the National Twelfth Five-Years Plan (2011 -2015) 2 Photo of Tang Zhaoling

Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation and Management The Definition of CGAS The Requirements of CGASC Chinese Great Archeological Site mainly includes ruins and ruin groups, such as large, important and influentially farreaching settlements, city ruins, palaces, mausoleums, and tombs, etc, all of which reflect the development of each period of Chinese ancient history in politics, religion, military, science, technology, industry, agriculture, architecture, transportation, and water conservancy, etc. Chinese Great Archaeological Site Conservation emphasizes a positive conservation, which requests to develop the comprehensive benefits of special funds, promote the improvement of urban construction and people’s living standards and quality, as well as achieve the harmonious and sustainable development of regional social and ecological benefits. From: the Master Plan for Great Archaeological Site Conservation during the National Eleventh Five-Years Plan (2006 -2010) 3 Photo of Daming Palace

A Controversial Case Illegal construction at Xiaosikong Village in Yin Xu buffer zone 2014. 2 Photo at Xiaosikong Village in Yin Xu Site Photo at Yin Xu Site of Royal Tombs Photo at Yin Xu Site of Palace http: //zh. wikipedia. org/ From UNESCO Document 4

Research Questions • Management Adjustment • • Can the previous management system adapt to all the new requirements of CGASC? Are there any adjustments in management system? Photo of Liangzhu Site District Management Committee • Stakeholders’ Opinions • • Photo with Jiao Nanfen - an Archaeologist How should conservation of CGAS be dealt with while balancing the local residents’ livelihood and the entire area’s development? In order to achieve the new requirements of CGASC, what’s the responsibility of different stakeholders? 5

Case Study https: //www. google. com. hk/maps/@32. 5054349, 113. 5249028, 7 z 6

Case 1. Han Yangling （漢陽陵） 7

Basic Information of Han Yangling Site • • Han Dynasty, the construction period 153 -126 BC Proportion: 12 square kilometers Main discoveries: mausoleum of king, mausoleum of queen, ritual architecture, funeral tombs, mausoleum feod; elements of construction, pottery figurine, pottery, bronze and iron tools. Han Yangling is the graveyard of the king in Han dynasty. The Range of Han Yangling Site The Range of Han Yangling Museum 8

The Display of Han Yangling Site The Model of the Mausoleum of King South Gate Tomb Passages 9

The Management Organization of Han Yangling Site State Council State Ministry of Culture govern State Administration of Cultural Heritage National museum guidance govern Shaanxi Provincial Government govern Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Department govern Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau govern Shaanxi Provincial museum guidance Xianyang City Government govern Weicheng County Government govern Zhengyang Town The Palace Museum Xianyang City Cultural Heritage Bureau govern Han Yangling Museum Weicheng County Cultural Heritage Bureau Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Institute guidance Xianyang City museum Xianyang City Archaeological Institute guidance Weicheng County museum Weicheng County Archaeological Institute guidance govern The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeological research institute Hanhui Engineeri ng Company Han Yangling Site management others govern others 10 Han Yangling Site

The Utilization of Han Yangling Site “Wear Han Clothes, and Learn Han Ceremony” Experience Zone Experience Room Shop of Deer Products Closed Restaurant Closed 11

The Protection System of Han Yangling Site • Regulation – Han and Tang Dynasties Mausoleum Protection and Management Regulation in Shaanxi Province 《�西省�唐帝王陵保�管理条例 》 • Plan – Han Yangling National Archaeological Site Park Overall Protection Plan, 2011 《�阳陵国家考古�址公园�体�划 》 • Protection Project – The land expropriation of the main part in Han Yangling Site, 1999 • The Fund of Protection – Each level of government 12

The Survey in Han Yangling Site The comparison between either visit the site or not and how proud of the site by local residents in Han Yangling Site Visited 7 • • • Cultural Administrators (9 persons) Archaeologists (1 persons) Local Residents (20 persons) 5 4 2 18 persons 0 A. Very disgusted Does Han Yangling Site conservation bring benefit or not? A lot of benefit 11% No benefit, and a lot of disbenefit little disbenefit 5% 21% 0 B. A little disgusted 0 C. I don't care Number 4 Low employment opportunity 4 Incomes lower than around 19 persons 3 Building or reconstruction houses are limited Shrinking farmland I don't know 37% 0 E. Very proud The main difficulties of local residents' live in Han Yangling Site (plural statistics) No difficulties A little benefit 26% 0 D. A little proud Inconvenient transportation 6 7 8 13

Case 2. Yin Xu （殷墟） 14

Basic Information of Yin Xu Site • Shang Dynasty, 14 -11 c BC • Proportion: 36 square kilometers • Main discoveries: palace, royal tombs, copper workshop, bone workshop, sacrificial pit and dwelling; oracle, bronze, pottery • Yin Xu is the capital of middle and late Shang Dynasty. The Range of Yin Xu Site Protection The Range of Yin Xu World Heritage 15

The Display of Yin Xu Site 16

The Management Organization of Yin Xu Site State Council State Ministry of Culture govern State Administration of Cultural Heritage National museum guidance govern Henan Provincial Government govern Anyang City Government govern Yindu County Government govern Xijiao Town govern Henan Provincial Cultural Department Leading Group for World Heritage Declaration govern Leading Group Office for World Heritage Declaration govern World Heritage Conservation and Management Committee govern The Palace Museum The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeological research institute Henan Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau govern Henan Provincial museum guidance Anyang City Cultural Heritage Bureau Yin Xu Museum govern Anyang City museum Anyang City Archaeological Institute guidance Yindu County museum Yindu County Archaeological Institute guidance Yindu County Cultural Heritage Bureau Henan Provincial Archaeological Institute guidance others Yin Xu Site management Anyang Yindu Culture Research Institute govern others 17 Yin Xu Site

The Utilization of Yin Xu Site Performance of Shang（大秀殷商） Disbanded Nongjiale（农家乐） Closed Rose Garden （玫瑰园） 18

The Protection System of Yin Xu Site • Regulation – Anyang Yin Xu Protection and Management Regulation, 1982 《安阳市殷墟保�管理�法 》 • Plan – Anyang Yin Xu Overall Protection Plan, 2002 《安阳殷墟保��体�划 》 • Protection Project – The relocation of the villages and factories located at the core area of Yin Xu Site • The Fund of Protection – Each level of government. 19

The Survey in Yin Xu Site The comparison between either visit the site or not and how proud of the site by local residents in Yin Xu Site Never visit Visited Total 8 • • 8 7 Cultural Administrators (6 persons) Archaeologists (2 persons) Local Scholar (1 person) Local Residents (20 persons) 6 5 5 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 A. Very disgusted B. A little disgusted A lot of benefit A little benefit 3% 6% D. A little proud E. Very proud Number No money Inconvenient transportation I don't know 15% No benefit, and a little disbenefit 15% C. I don't care 33 persons The main difficulties of local residents' live in Yin Xu Site (plural statistics) Does Yin Xu Site conservation bring benefit or not? Shrinking farmland No benefit, and a lot of disbenefit 61% 1 Building or reconstruction houses are limited Incomes lower than around 4 6 9 11 15 Low employment opportunity 33 persons 19 20

Case 3. Liangzhu （良渚） 21

Basic Information of Liangzhu Site • Neolithic period, 5300 -4000 BP. • Proportion: 42 square kilometers • Main discoveries: city wall, graveyard, altar, water projects and dwelling; jade, stone tools, pottery and carbonated rice • Liangzhu Culture is an important archaeological culture in the downstream of Yangtze River during Neolithic period. The Range of Liangzhu Site Protection The Range of Liangzhu National Archaeological Park in Detailed Protection Planning 22

The Display of Liangzhu Site Liangzhu Museum Liangzhu City Wall 23

The Management Organization of Liangzhu Site State Council State Ministry of Culture govern State Administration of Cultural Heritage National museum guidance govern Zhejiang Provincial Government govern Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Department govern Leading Group for World Heritage Declaration Hangzhou City Government Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Heritage Bureau govern Zhejiang Provincial museum guidance Hangzhou City Cultural Heritage Bureau govern Liangzhu Museum Liangzhu site district management Committee Leading Group Office for World Heritage Declaration Liangzhu and Pingyao Town govern World Heritage Declaration Office Yuhang County Cultural Heritage Bureau Zhejiang Provincial Archaeological Institute guidance Hangzhou City museum Hangzhou City Archaeological Institute guidance Yuhang County museum Yuhang County Archaeological Institute guidance Yuhang County Government govern The Palace Museum The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeological research institute others Liangzhu Site management others govern Meilizhou Enterprise Co. Ltd 24 Liangzhu Site

The Utilization of Liangzhu Site Park Textbooks Villas Jade Culture Industrial Park By Meilizhou Enterprise 25

The Protection System of Liangzhu Site • Regulations – Hangzhou Liangzhu Site Protection and Management Regulation, 2001 《杭州市良渚�址保�管理条例 》 • Plan – Hangzhou Liangzhu Site Overall Protection Plan, 2013 《杭州良渚�址保��体� 划》 • Protection Project – The relocation project of the villages and factories located at the inner of Liangzhu ancient city – Cultural Relic Protection Compensation • The Fund of Protection – Each level of government. 26

Summary of the Management System Liangzhu Site Yin Xu Site Han Yangling Site Basic Information Neolithic Period 42 KM 2 Shang Dynasty 22. 7 KM 2 Han Dynasty 12 KM 2 Research System Zhejiang Provincial Archaeological Research Institute The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Archaeological Research Institute Shaanxi Provincial Archaeological Research Institute Management System Liangzhu Site District Management Committee - Local Government - Higher Rank and More Functions Fund: Financial Channel Yin Xu Site Management - Public Institution - Lower Rank and Less Functions Fund: Ticket Income and Financial Channel Han Yangling Museum - Public Institution - Lower Rank and Less Functions Fund: Ticket Income Protection System Protection Regulation Plan Display System Museum and Park Utilize System Culture - Local Education Environment - Environmental Reform Business - Jade Business: Meilizhou Enterprise - Villas Culture and Business - Performance Environment and Business - Tourism Agriculture Business - Souvenir Shop - Nongjiale (Local Restaurant) Culture - Ceremony - Public Engagement Activities Business - Restaurant - Raising Deer 27

Summary of the Opinions from Different Stakeholders Local Residents Promote People’s living Standards and Quality • Enhance the Cultural Influence • • Achieve the Regional Social and Ecological Benefits Be Selfemployed Free Ticket/ Discount Ticket Special Opening Day Archaeologists • • Cultural Administrators Participate in Making Conservation Plan (Balance the Site Conservation and Local Residents) • Give Live Presentation of Archaeological Site Offer Public Engagement Activities: Open Excavation Pay Attention to Display and Utilize of the Sites • • Offer Cultural Relic Protection Compensation Improve the Basic Infrastructure Support the Local Activities Enhance the Local Cultural Education (Especially for Primary School and Junior High School Students) Create New Exhibition to Connect the Ancient Site and Contemporary People Adjust the Management Organization – Upgrade the Rank and Expand the Functions Cooperate with other Subjects or Departments to Protect CGAS: Forestry Protection; Farmland Protection; River Way Protection; Renovating Dilapidated Houses in Rural Areas. Find Different Ways to Protect CGAS: National Archaeological Site Park and Others 28

Thanks for your attention! 29