Section 1 The New Immigrants and Urbanization Objectives

Section 1: The New Immigrants and Urbanization

Objectives for Section 1 � 1. Identify immigrants’ countries of origin. � 2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at the United States immigration station. � 3. Examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ anti-immigrant feelings.

Through the Golden Door �Why immigrate? Push and Pull Factors. �Pull Factors Hope for a better life �Push Factors Escape difficult conditions: famine, land shortages, or persecution “Birds of Passage” ▪ Immigrate temporarily to earn money and return to their families

Europeans � 1870 -1920: 20 million Europeans moved to the US � Why did they move? Escape religious persecution Rising population— scarcity of land/lack of jobs Wanting political freedoms

Chinese and Japanese � Came to the West Coast � Much smaller number than Europeans � Came to look for gold and work on the railroads � Japanese recruited to work on Plantations in Hawaii

The West Indies and Mexico �West Indies: Jamaica, Cuba, and Puerto Rico Better jobs in the US �Mexico Looking for work and to escape political turmoil Farming in the West

Life in a New Land—Difficult Journey � Traveled by steamship � Many in steerage— cheapest accommodations � Spread of disease � Many immigrants died on their journey

Points of Arrival � Ellis Island New York Harbor Immigrants arriving from Europe Must be cleared of health problems/mental problems Cleared of legal problems; proved they had money � Lasted 5 hours � 2 % of passengers detained � Angel Island San Francisco Bay Immigrants arriving from Asia Harsh conditions Long detention Many turned back

� Ellis Island � Angel Island

Cooperation For Survival �Many challenges facing new immigrants. �Settled with those of the same culture, religion, and language Created churches, temples, schools, and social clubs �Tensions between immigrants and native born Americans

Immigration Restrictions �Melting Pot Mixture of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs. �Many Immigrants didn’t want to give up their culture �Resulted in tension—rise of nativism

Thought Question �Describe melting pot in your own words. �Do you think America is a melting pot? Are all cultures blended together?

Rise of Nativism �Nativism Favoritism toward native-born Americans Anti-immigrant feelings �Anglo-Saxons were the “right” immigrants �Problems came from the “wrong” immigrants �Were against Jewish and Catholic people �Congress proposed a bill to block entry to those who couldn’t read 40 words in English Blocked by President Cleveland

GOOD BAD

Anti-Asian Sentiment �Workers thought Chinese were taking jobs because they were willing to work for less Mainly in California � 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration for ten years EXCEPT: students, teachers, merchants, and tourist Continued until 1943

Anti-Asian Sentiment, Cont. �Fears of Chinese spread to other Asian groups �San Francisco created segregated schools �Japan protested—agreement worked out �Gentlemen’s Agreement Japanese government agreed to limit the number of Japanese emigrants of unskilled jobs United States would repeal San Francisco segregation laws

The Challenges of Urbanization Chapter 7, Section 2

Urban Opportunities �Industrial Revolution caused rapid urbanization—growth of cities Northeast and Midwest �Why move to the cities? ? CHEAP Jobs �Mainly immigrants moved to the cities

Americanization Movement �Movement to assimilate people of different cultures into the main culture �Organizations would teach immigrant skills needed for citizenship History, language, government, cooking, and social etiquette �Immigrants still lived in their ethnic neighborhoods---over crowded!

Immigration From Country to City �New farming techniques=less labor needed Farm laborers moved to the cities �African Americans leave the South “The Great Migration”— 1. 3 million people moved

Urban Problems �Housing �Transportation �Water �Sanitation �Crime �Fire

Housing �Problem: �Solution: Overcrowded: Row houses—single family homes that shared side walls with the next house * Tenements—overcrowded and unsanitary NYC passed law that set minimum standards for pluming and ventilation. Landlords installed airshafts and windows �Did it work: NO. People dumped garbage in the air shafts. Windows were nailed shut to keep out the smell

Transportation �Mass Transit: Transportation system designed to move large number of people �Description/Positives: Allowed workers to get to work. Linked city neighborhoods and the outskirts of town. �Problems: Hard to repair and expensive to build new ones

Water �Problem: Many people living in the city didn’t have running water/indoor plumbing. Water unsafe—diseases were easy spread �Solution: Water filtration and chlorination was used in most major cities �Did it work: Many city residents in the early 1900’s still didn’t have access to a safe and clean water supply

Sanitation �Problem: Horse manure in streets, sewage in gutters, factory pollution, and garbage in the streets. �Solution: Private trash collectors hired— scavengers By 1900 cities tried to create sewer lines and sanitation departments �Did it work: Scavengers didn’t do a good job. Sanitation still a major problem

Crime �Problem: Pickpockets and thieves increased as population increased �Solution: NYC organized the first full-time paid police force �Did it work: Most cities police force was to small to have an impact

Fire �Problem: Lack of water, wooden buildings, use of candles. Fire departments volunteer not available when needed. �Solution: Cincinnati hired first paid full time fire department. Buildings had automatic sprinklers, and were made of brick. �Did it work: Yes. Cities became much safer.

Reformers Mobilize �Reformer person who wants and creates change �Social Gospel Movement Salvation through helping the poor ▪ Public health, public schools, YMCA Created Settlement Houses

Settlement Houses �Community centers in the slums �Run by college-educated, middle class women. �Provided services to the poor and immigrants Night school, day care, public kitchen, kindergarten classes, social organizations, and cultural opportunities

Jane Addams � 1889: Opened the first settlement house in the United States Hull House in Chicago, IL � 1931: Addams awarded the Nobel Peace Prize