SECTION 1 Problems in Latin America A Growing

SECTION 1 Problems in Latin America A Growing Crisis in Latin American countries • Economic problems continue with high debt, unemployment • Reliance upon cash crops and “illegal” trade hurts Latin American economy NEXT

Section 2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy. NEXT

SECTION 2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa European Policies Cause Problems • Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural divisions- Berlin Conference of 1884 • As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa • Colonial rule produces economic problems Short-Lived Democracies • Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable to military coups Most African nations live in poverty. Famine and disease are also common problems NEXT

South Africa Under Apartheid Minority Rule • South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules Apartheid Segregates Society • In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid— separation of races • Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959 Blacks Protest • In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest • Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years • Protests rise in 1970 s and 1980 s, sometimes resulting in violence NEXT

Struggle for Democracy Pressure for Change • Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic pressure on government • He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa The First Steps • In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from prison • Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to blacks • De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994 ; Nelson Mandela is elected President of South Africa Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 continued Struggle for Democracy Majority Rule • In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament; Mandela elected president A New Constitution • In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights to all South Africa Today • high crime, unemployment, rampant poverty • Major problem facing South Africa is high number of people with AIDS NEXT

Section 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union. NEXT

SECTION 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy A Younger Leader • Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984 • Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies Glasnost Promotes Openness To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society • Promotes new policy of glasnost— meaning openness; dissent allowed- free press and speech given to Russian people • NEXT

Reforming the Economy and Politics Economic Restructuring • People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system • In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of economic restructuring • Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive- more capitalism Democratization Opens the Political System • In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy NEXT

SECTION 3 The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil Ethnic Revolts • Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse • Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics Lithuania Defies Gorbachev • In 1990, Lithuania declares independence Continued. . . NEXT

The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil End of the Soviet Union • Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup • Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them • Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of Independent States NEXT

SECTION 4 Germany Reunifies Fall of the Berlin Wall • In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall • By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed The symbol of the Cold War and Iron Curtain has been destroyed Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Germany Reunifies Reunification—merging of the two Germanys— achieved in 1990 The Berlin Wall falls- symbolic end of the Cold War • NEXT

SECTION 4 The Breakup of Yugoslavia Ethnic Problems • Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics A Bloody Breakup and Genocide • Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country • Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence • In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out • Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid of Bosnian Muslims • In 1995, U. S. , UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued The Breakup of Yugoslavia The Region Faces Its Problems • Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials NEXT

Section 5 China: Reform and Reaction In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy. NEXT

SECTION 5 China: Reform and Reaction The Legacy of Mao Problems of Mao’s Rule • Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot • Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth • He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960 s to revive Communist spirit People in China had to carry Mao’s red book anywhere they went, or else could face arrest • Its excesses turn many people against communism NEXT

China and the West China Opened Its Doors • In 1970’s U. S. A. and China have better relations after Mao Zedong dies Economic Reform • In 1976, Mao dies; moderates take control of Communist Party • Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980 • Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic progress- adds elements of Capitalism to economy • This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao Overpopulation of China- one-child policy enacted in 1970’s NEXT

Massacre in Tiananmen Square Unforeseen Problems • Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders • Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy Students Demand Democracy • In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—public area in Beijing Deng Orders a Crackdown • Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters • Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded • Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent NEXT