Section 1 Fundamentals of Nutrition Copyright 2003 Delmar
- Slides: 79
Section 1 Fundamentals of Nutrition Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Chapter 8 Minerals Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Objectives § § § Chapter 8 List at least two food sources of given minerals List one or more functions of given minerals Describe the recommended method of avoiding mineral deficiencies Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 3
Facts Human body made up of specific chemical elements. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of body weight. Remaining elements, minerals, represent 4% of body weight. Minerals are essential for good health. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 4
Facts Inorganic elements are necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in various body functions. Found in all body tissues. Cannot provide energy by themselves. Contribute to production of energy within the body. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 5
Facts Enriched foods are foods to which nutrients, usually B vitamins and iron, have been added to improve their nutritional value. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 6
Classification Major minerals • Required in amounts greater than 100 mg a day Trace minerals • Chapter 8 Needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 7
Electrolytes Ions • • • Chapter 8 Electrically charged atoms resulting from chemical reactions Positively charged called cations Negatively charged called anions Must be balanced within body These ions are known as electrolytes Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 8
Electrolytes Maintain the body’s fluid balance, contribute to electrical balance, assist in transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of muscles, help regulate the body’s acid-base balance. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 9
Stop and Share What is the best way to receive an adequate intake of minerals? Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 10
Stop and Share A balanced diet is the only safe way of including minerals in the amounts necessary to maintain health! Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 11
Toxicity occurs when concentrated forms of minerals are taken regularly over time. Excessive amount of one mineral may lead to deficiency of another mineral. Hair loss and changes in blood, hormones, bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nearly all tissues may result. Concentrated minerals only if prescribed. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 12
Major minerals Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 13
Calcium (Ca) Human body contains more calcium than any other mineral. • • Chapter 8 99% found in skeleton and teeth 1% found in blood Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 14
Calcium: Functions In combination with phosphorus, gives strength and hardness to bones and teeth. Bones provide storage for calcium. Needed for normal nerve and muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, and cell metabolism. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 15
Calcium: Regulation Hormonal system regulates delivery of calcium to cells. Every cell needs calcium and normal blood calcium levels are maintained even if intake is poor. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 16
Calcium: Regulation Parathyroid glands release a hormone telling the kidneys to retrieve calcium before it is excreted when blood calcium levels drop. This hormone, works with calcitriol causing increased release of calcium from bones by stimulating activity of osteoclasts. Both actions increase blood calcium levels. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 17
Calcium: Regulation Bones become increasingly fragile as calcium is withdrawn from them. Osteoporosis may result from years of low calcium intake. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 18
Calcium: Regulation Osteoblasts increase bone mass if blood calcium level is high until one is age 30 -35 years old. Bone mass will remain stable in women until menopause with adequate consumption of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 19
Calcium: Sources Milk and milk products Dark green, leafy vegetables • Chapter 8 When vegetables contain oxalic acid, as spinach and Swiss chard do, the calcium remains unavailable because the oxalic acid binds it and prevents it from being absorbed Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 20
Calcium: Sources Fiber • Chapter 8 When the intake of fiber exceeds 35 g a day, calcium will also bind with phytates (phosphorus compounds found in some high-fiber cereal), which also limits absorption Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 21
Calcium: Sources Enhances absorption of calcium • • • Vitamin D Calcium-to-phosphorus ratio that includes no more phosphorus than calcium Presence of lactose Retards absorption • Chapter 8 Lack of weight-bearing exercise Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 22
Calcium: Requirements 0 -6 months 6 -12 months 1 -3 years 4 -8 years 9 -18 years 19 -50 years 51 -70+ years Chapter 8 210 mg 270 mg 500 mg 800 mg 1, 300 mg 1, 000 mg 1, 200 mg Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 23
Calcium: Requirements Pregnant women • • 14 -18 years 19 -50 years 1, 300 mg 1, 000 mg Lactating women same as nonlactating women of same age Source: Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-Institute of Medicine, 1997 Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 24
Calcium: Supplements Calcium carbonate, form found in calciumbased antacid tablets, has highest concentration of bioavailable calcium. Appear to be absorbed most efficiently when consumed in doses of 500 mg. Check for USP-approved products, which are unlikely to contain lead. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 25
Calcium: Supplements Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 26
Calcium: Deficiency Rickets results in poorly formed bone structure and causes bowed legs, “pigeon breast”, enlarged wrists or ankles, and stunted growth. “Adult rickets” (osteomalacia) causes bones to become soft. Tetany, characterized by involuntary muscle movement, results from insufficient calcium in blood. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 27
Calcium: Excessive intake may: • • • Chapter 8 Cause constipation Cause kidney stones Inhibit the absorption of iron and zinc Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 28
Phosphorus (P) Constituent of all body cells. Necessary for the formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper acid-base balance; and effective action of several B vitamins. Stored in bones, absorption is increased in the presence of vitamin D. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 29
Phosphorus: Sources Protein-rich foods such as milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish. Cereals, legumes, nuts, soft drinks Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 30
Phosphorus: Requirements Adequate Intake 0 -6 months 100 mg 6 -12 months 275 mg Estimated Average Requirements 1 -3 years 380 mg 4 -8 years 405 mg 9 -18 years 1, 055 mg Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 31
Phosphorus: Requirements 19 -70+ years 580 mg Pregnant and Same as for lactating women nonpregnant and nonlactating women Source: Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-Institute of Medicine, 1997 Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 32
Phosphorus: Deficiency is rare. Excessive use of antacids affect absorption. Symptoms of deficiency include bone demineralization (loss of minerals), fatigue, and anorexia. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 33
Potassium (K) Found primarily in intracellular fluid. Essential for fluid balance and osmosis. Maintains fluid level within the cell. Necessary for transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 34
Potassium: Sources Fruits–especially melons, oranges, bananas, peaches Vegetables–mushrooms, brussel sprouts, potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, lima beans, carrots Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 35
Potassium: Deficiency Hypokalemia • • Chapter 8 Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics Symptoms of deficiency include nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, heart abnormalities Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 36
Potassium: Excess Hyperkalemia • • Chapter 8 Caused by dehydration, renal failure, excessive intake Cardiac failure can result Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 37
Sodium Primary function is the control of fluid balance in the body. Maintains acid-base balance. Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 38
Sodium: Sources Table salt contains 40% sodium. One teaspoon of table salt contains 2, 000 mg of sodium. Naturally available in animal foods. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 39
Sodium: Requirements 0 -5 months 6 -11 months 1 year 2 -5 years 6 -9 years 10 -18 years > 18 years 120 mg 200 mg 225 mg 300 mg 400 mg 500 mg Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10 th Edition. Copyright 1989 by the National Academy of Sciences. Courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 40
Sodium: Deficiency Caused by severe vomiting, diarrhea, and heavy perspiration. Can upset the acid-base balance. Tetany due to alkalosis may develop. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 41
Sodium: Excess May cause edema and resulting hypertension. Associated with hypertension and congestive heart failure. Treatment includes sodium-restricted diets; 3 -4 g (no-added salt, or NAS) or 1 -2 g sodium-restricted diet. Diets below 1 g rarely prescribed. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 42
Chloride (Cl) Essential for maintenance of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Found in hydrochloric acid, cerebrospinal fluid, and muscle and nerve tissue. Helps blood carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and is necessary during immune responses when white blood cells attack foreign cells. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 43
Chloride Found almost exclusively in table salt or in foods containing sodium chloride. Estimated minimum requirement for normal adults is 750 mg a day. Deficiency is rare. Can occur with severe vomiting, diarrhea, excessive use of diuretics, and alkalosis. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 44
Magnesium (Mg) Vital to both hard and soft body tissues. Essential for metabolism. Regulates nerve and muscle function. Plays a role in the blood-clotting process. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 45
Magnesium: Sources Found primarily in plant foods. Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, some fruits (avocados and bananas) Milk in sufficient quantities Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 46
Magnesium: Requirements Adequate Intake 0 -6 months 6 -12 months Boys and girls 1 -3 years 4 -8 years 9 -13 years Chapter 8 30 mg 75 mg 80 mg 130 mg 240 mg Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 47
Magnesium: Requirements Boys Girls Men Women Chapter 8 14 -18 years 19 -30 years 31 -70+ years 410 mg 360 mg 400 mg 310 mg 420 mg 320 mg Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 48
Magnesium: Requirements Pregnant women Lactating women 14 -18 years 19 -30 years 31 -50 years 400 mg 350 mg 360 mg 310 mg 320 mg Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-Institute of Medicine, 2001. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 49
Magnesium: Deficiency among people on normal diets is unknown. Experimentally induced symptoms include nausea, mental, emotional, muscular disorders. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 50
Sulfur (S) Necessary to all body tissue and is found in all body cells. Contributes to the characteristic odor of burning hair and tissue. Necessary for metabolism. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 51
Sulfur Component of some amino acids. Found in protein-rich foods. Neither the amount of sulfur required by the human body nor its deficiency is known. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 52
Trace minerals Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 53
Iron (Fe) Delivers oxygen to body tissues. Component of hemoglobin. Component of myoglobin, a protein compound in muscles that provides oxygen to cells. Utilized by enzymes that are involved in making amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 54
Iron: Sources Meat, poultry, and fish are the best sources of iron. Animal flesh contains heme iron, which is absorbed more than twice as efficiently as nonheme iron. Nonheme iron is found in whole grain cereals, enriched grain products, vegetables, fruit, eggs, meat, fish, and poultry. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 55
Factors that Affect Iron Absorption Chapter 8 Increase Decrease Acid in the stomach Heme iron High body demand for red blood cells (blood loss, pregnancy) Phytic acid (in fiber) Oxalic acid Polyphenols in tea and coffee Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 56
Factors that Affect Iron Absorption Chapter 8 Increase Decrease Low body stores of iron Meat protein factor (MPF) Vitamin C Full body stores of iron Excess of other minerals (Zn, Mn, Ca) Some antacids Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 57
Iron: Requirements Men lose approximately 1 mg/day. Women lose approximately 1. 5 mg/day. RDA for men is 10 mg, and for women age eleven through childbearing is 15 mg. RDA doubled during pregnancy; difficult to meet by diet alone. Iron supplement commonly prescribed during pregnancy. Heavy need during infancy and teens. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 58
Iron: Deficiency Caused by insufficient intake, malabsorption, lack of stomach acid, or excessive blood loss. Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide is iron-deficiency anemia. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, irritability, shortness of breath, pale skin, and spoon-shaped fingernails. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 59
Iron: Excess Hemochromatosis is a condition due to an inborn error of metabolism and causes excessive absorption of iron. Untreated, can damage liver, spleen, heart. To control buildup of iron, patients with this condition must give blood on a regular basis. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 60
Iodine (I) Component of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3). Necessary for the normal functioning of thyroid gland, which determines rate of metabolism. Sources include iodized salt, seafood, and some plant foods grown in soil bordering the sea. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 61
Iodine RDA for adults is 150 g a day. Additional amounts needed during pregnancy and lactation. Lack of iodine results in decrease in thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Gland grows, forming a lump on the neck called a goiter. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 62
Iodine Myxedema is a condition of hypothyroidism in adults. Cretinism is low thyroid in a child; retards physical and mental development. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 63
Zinc (Zn) Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes. Essential for growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, and mobilization of vitamin A within the body. Sources include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, wheat germ, and legumes. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 64
Zinc RDA for normal adult males is 11 mg. RDA for normal adult females is 8 mg. Increased requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Symptoms of deficiency include decreased appetite, taste acuity, delayed growth, dwarfism, hypogonadism, poor wound healing, anemia, acnelike rash, impaired immune response. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 65
Selenium (Se) Constituent of most body tissues. Concentrated in liver, kidneys, and heart. Component of an enzyme that acts as an antioxidant, thereby protecting cells against oxidation and sparing vitamin E. Sources include seafood, kidney, liver, muscle meats. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 66
Selenium (Se) RDA for adult male is 70 g. RDA for adult female is 55 g. Selenium supplements appear to be effective in treating Keshan disease High doses are toxic causing vomiting, loss of hair and nails, and skin lesions. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 67
Copper (Cu) Found in all tissues; heaviest concentration in the liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain. Helps in formation of hemoglobin; aids in transport of iron to bone marrow for the formation of red blood cells; and participates in energy production. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 68
Copper (Cu) Sources include organ meats, shellfish, legumes, nuts, cocoa, whole grain cereals, and human milk. No RDA; NRC’s estimated safe intake for adults is 1. 5 -3 mg/day. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 69
Copper (Cu) Deficiency is rare. People with malabsorption conditions and gross protein deficiency such as premature infants; clients on long-term parenteral nutrition programs lacking copper; and people taking excess zinc supplements are candidates for deficiency. Anemia, bone demineralization, and impaired growth may result. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 70
Copper (Cu) Excess is highly toxic. Single dose of 10 -15 mg can cause vomiting. Wilson’s disease is an inherited condition causing damage to liver cells and neurons. Detected early, copper-binding agents may be used to bind copper in bloodstream and increase excretion. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 71
Manganese (Mn) Constituent of several enzymes involved in metabolism. Important in bone formation. Sources include whole grains, tea, vegetables, and fruits. Adequate intake is 2. 3 mg for men and 1. 8 mg for women. No deficiency/toxicity from ingestion known. Inhalation linked to neurological problems. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 72
Fluoride (F) Increases resistance to dental caries, and may strengthen teeth and bones. Sources include fluoridated water, fish and tea. Commercially prepared foods with fluoridated water. Deficiency can result in increased tooth decay. Excess can cause discoloration or mottling of children’s teeth. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 73
Fluoride: Requirements Boys Chapter 8 0 -6 months 6 -12 months 1 -3 years 4 -8 years 9 -13 years 14 -18 years . 01 mg 0. 5 mg 0. 7 mg 1. 0 mg 2. 0 mg 3. 1 mg Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 74
Fluoride: Requirements Girls Males Females 14 -18 years 19+ years 3. 0 mg 4. 0 mg 3. 0 mg Pregnant and Same as nonpregnant lactating women and nonlactating women of same age Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-Institute of Medicine, 1997. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 75
Chromium (Cr) Associated with glucose and lipid metabolism. Levels decrease with age except in lungs, where chromium accumulates. Sources include meat, mushrooms, nuts, yeast, organ meats, and wheat germ. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 76
Chromium (Cr) Safe and adequate daily intake for men is 35 μg and women 25 μg Deficiency related to disturbances in glucose metabolism. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 77
Molybdenum (Mo) Constituent of enzymes, and thought to play a role in metabolism. Sources include milk, liver, legumes, and cereals. Safe and adequate daily intake for adults is 45 g. No deficiencies noted. Excess inhibits copper absorption. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 78
Conclusion Megadoses of minerals are dangerous. Minerals are necessary to promote growth and regulate body processes. Originate in soil and water and ingested via food and drink. Deficiencies can result in anemia, rickets, and goiter. Excess can be toxic resulting in hair loss and changes in nearly all body tissues. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company 79
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