Section 1 3 IBHOA Origins of Revolution The

Section 1. 3 - IBHOA Origins of Revolution & The American War of Independence

During the 1700’s… �New ideas regarding society, citizenship & government emerged �What is the purpose of government? �What should be the relationship between ruler and the people?

What is the purpose of Government? �Thomas Hobbes: people are inherently evil and only respond to strict rulers, and harsh punishments. �John Locke: people are inherently good. Those ruled have a right to rebel against a government that fails to protect natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

European Enlightenment Philosophy 1700’s. Influenced People in British Colonies � John Locke: ALL men are born with natural rights and should be free � Voltaire: Freedom of Speech should be permitted � Montesquieu: Power should be shared (antiabsolute power ex: King)

European Enlightenment Philosophy 1700’s. Influenced People in British Colonies �John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu’s ideas: � 1. representative government � 2. popular sovereignty � 3. separation of powers �As alternatives to monarchy and colonial rule

John Locke’s Ideas – Most Influential � English Enlightenment Philosopher � “ the governed have a responsibility to rebel against a government that fails to protect the natural rights of life, liberty & property”

Enlightenment Political Philosophy… �Inspired Revolutionary/Independence movements of 1700’s and 1800’s �American Revolution (independence)1770’s �French Revolution 1789 �Haitian Revolution 1791 -1804 �Latin American Independence Movement 1810’s-1820’s �Redefined relationship between government and those governed

The Origins of Revolution �Stem from the ideas of the Enlightenment �The Enlightenment ‘s emphasis on human reason appealed to colonists �Colonists saw imperial control as illogical

The Enlightenment in Pictures �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CP 8 k_f 3 PFq 8

The Seven Year’s War - 1754 � Also known as The French & Indian War � Cause: � Territory dispute Over the Ohio River Valley � between British vs. French & their Native American Allies

As a Result of Seven Year’s War � Britain won! Peace of Paris, 1763 � Great Britain gained modern day Canada & territory east of the Mississippi

As a Result of Seven Year’s War � Proclamation of 1763 � “American” Colonists not allowed to move West of Appalachian Mountains � Why? Peace w/ Native American tribes � Most Colonists ignored ruling

As a Result of Seven Year’s War � 1. Great Britain became dominant colonial power north America � 2. “American” Colonists proud they defeated French! Created unity � 3. Great Britain left in debt

British View of the Colonies � Mercantilism: A Nation’s power is measured by its economic wealth. � Britain believed that the Colonies existed solely to provide raw materials

Salutary Neglect � British Policy-Between 1690 -1760 � Interfered very little in Colonial affairs � “a taste of freedom” for colonists � This changes after 1760 due to national debt

King George III Ruled Great Britain 1760 -1820 �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lh. FKB 03 6 gy. M

British Colonists… � Began to question their relationship with Great Britain when… � 1. Britain began imposing “unfair” laws � 2. British soldiers abused their authority � 3. When Great Britain started “taxing” colonists unfairly (to pay off debt)

Causes of American Revolution �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=tfnrd. WY m. Zus

Causes of American Revolution; “Unfair Laws” � 1. Writs of Assistance, 1760 -1761 � Right to search: � Homes, warehouses, businesses Without a warrant! � Meant to deter smuggling of goods

Causes of American Revolution; “Unfair Laws” � 2. Sugar Act, 1764 � Intended to pay off Britain’s national debt � “money for the crown” � Tax on : sugar, molasses, wine

Causes of American Revolution; “Unfair Laws” � 3. Quartering Act, 1765 -1767 � Required colonial citizens to provide Room & Board For British Soldiers!

Causes of American Revolution; “Unfair Laws” � 4. Stamp Act, 1765 � Tax on : � ALL printed materials /paper goods/products � “direct tax” – on goods produced within the colonies � “Stamp” applied once tax had been paid

ISSUES RAISED: � 1. Does English King &Parliament have the right to tax the colonies? � 2. Can English King & Parliament truly reflect colonial interests?

Colonial Reaction: Stamp Act Congress � Colonists outraged! � Stamp Act Congress – a series of meetings � Representatives of 9/13 colonies met in NY � Argued that British crown had no right to impose internal, direct tax � “no taxation w/o representation”

Colonial Reaction: Sons of Liberty � Sons of liberty : sometimes violent organized protest group � Led By: Samuel Adams � Organized opposition to Stamp Act � “non importation movement”- boycott British goods � http: //www. history. com/ topics/americanrevolutionhistory/videos/sons-ofliberty

Colonial Reaction: Boston Massacre, 1770 � Unarmed Protestors vs. British Soldiers in street in Boston � A Soldier fired into crowd � An accident? � Seen as abuse of power/authority � How many died? � Paul Revere engraving

“ The Bloody Massacre” – Paul Revere

Colonial Reaction: Boston Massacre, 1770 � 5 -7 dead + 4 wounded �Seen as an abuse of authority �Soldiers sent to trial �Declared “not guilty” �Sons of liberty used incident as propaganda against British

Causes of American Revolution; “Unfair Laws” � 5. Tea Act, 1773 � Meant to save the East India Company from Bankruptcy � British Government Granted monopoly ( importation & sale of tea) to East India Company

Colonial Reaction; Boston Tea Party, 1773 � 60 Sons of Liberty � Went to Boston Harbor, boarded ships � Threw 342 chests of tea overboard – to protest Tea Act � A justified protest? Or childish destruction of property?

Boston Tea Party – Eyewitness Account -Why the Costume? �“It was now evening, and I immediately dressed myself in the costume of an Indian, equipped with a small hatchet, which I and my associates denominated the tomahawk, with which, and a club, after having painted my face and hands with coal dust in the shop of a blacksmith, I repaired to Griffin's wharf, where the ships lay that contained the tea. When I first appeared in the street after being thus disguised, I fell in with many who were dressed, equipped and painted as I was, and who fell in with me and marched in order to the place of our destination” – George Hewes

British Response to Boston Tea Party �Coercive/Intolerable Acts, 1773: �Boston Harbor was closed �Boston Lost their charter (right to self govern) �Martial Law established �Quartering act reinforced

Colonial Reaction; First Continental Congress, 1774 �Representatives of 12 of 13 colonies: � 1. Urged colonies to build military reserves � 2. sent to King George III“ Declaration of Rights & Grievances”- argued unfair treatment � 3. Agreed to meet again May 1775 if grievances had not been addressed by the King

British Response; April 1775, Concord � New Massachusetts Governor heard rumor that colonists were beginning to stockpile weapons � Sent 700 British soldiers � To Concord To destroy colonists’ weapons housed in warehouse

Colonial Reaction; “The British are Coming!” � Paul Revere were sent from Boston � To warn Colonists � Known as the “the midnight ride” � Famous line: “the British are coming!!!” � https: //www. youtube. c om/watch? v=y. H 12 l 5 Nd Jl. Y

Why does PAUL REVERE GET ALL THE CREDIT? � 1. William Dawes – also participated in the mid night ride � 2. Samuel Prescott- also participated � 3. Sybil Ludington – a 16 year old girl also warned colonists that � “ the British were coming” � https: //www. youtube. co m/watch? v=h 9 Ufr. TLXYf M

The American War of Independence/Revolution Officially Begins, April 19 1775 � Colonists “blocked” British troops on their way to Concord � @ Lexington � 1 st shot fired – “The shot heard around the world” � 1 st battle: Lexington/Concord

Second Continental Congress, May 1775 � 13 delegates met � Named George Washington commander of Continental (Colonial Army) � Offered “Olive Branch Petition” to King George III– July 1775 � He refused to read it! � “Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms” justification for war

Common Sense – By: Thomas Paine, Jan. 1776 � Thomas Paine Used Locke’s natural rights philosophy � To argue/ justify independence � Paine argued : � 1. Monarchy “inappropriate for Americans” � 2. America had no economic need of Britain � 3. “a new kind of nation”

Second Continental Congress � Resolution: all agreed to declare the colonies independent from Britain

Declaration of Independence July 4 th, 1776 � Principal author – Thomas Jefferson � Listed 27 “injuries” to the colonies committed by King George III � Gave reasons for Independence � A formal statement of the liberation � Creation of United States of America � However…Independence depended on outcome of war

British Soldiers vs. Colonial Army � British Advantages: � 1. Population 11 million vs. 2. 5 Million colonists � 2. World’s largest Navy � 3. Professional army � 4. 30, 000 German Mercenaries – hired Hessian soldiers � Colonist : � 1. Reason to Fight � 2. Good Military Leaders � 3. Guerrilla Warfare; surprise attacks � 4. knowledge of the territory � 5. French Help

Battle of Saratoga, 1777 � Turning point in war � Surprising Victory for colonists! � British outnumbered, surrendered � French decided to lend support to colonists � 1. Sent 14 ships, supplies, and money � 2. French military and financial assistance played key role in helping American colonists win war.

Battle of Yorktown, 1781 � The final battle � Continental (patriot) army � With help of French Forces � Defeated the British! � British Surrendered!

1783, Treaty of Paris � Formal recognition of United States as a country � Boundary stretched (west) to Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes, south to Florida � British held on to Canada

The American Revolution � 1. Secured American Independence � 2. Generated Sense of Nationalism � 3. Created unique form of self- governance � 4. Influenced others to rebel against their imperial powers

“The Real Revolution…” “…was the radical change in the principles , opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people. ” – John Adams

The Creation of the United States of America; What Happened After the War? � 1. Democracy – The rule/power of the people. � 2. “Civic Virtue” – democracy depends on the unselfish commitment of each citizen to public good

Articles of Confederation (1781) � 1 st attempt at constitution � Created a “league of friendship” rather than a strong “nation”

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation (1781) � 1. Congress could not regulate commerce � 2. Congress could not tax � 3. Each state retained sovereignty & independence � 4. Federal Government could not exercise authority directly over states. � 5. Lack of a national judiciary system � 6. all 13 colonies had to agree when voting � 7. Lack of a national military

Powers Granted By The Articles of Confederation

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; Shay’s Rebellion 1787 � Daniel Shays and Followers sought: � 1. an end to farm foreclosures � 2. an end to imprisonment for debt � 3. relief from high taxation

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; Shay’s Rebellion 1787 � 1, 000 angry farmers and working class men � Marched Towards Boston, took over courthouses � Governor of Massachusetts asked continental ( national) congress to send troops � No national army under the Articles of Confederation!

Shay’s Rebellion, 1787 � Highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation � The new United States of America needed a STRONGER Central Government…

Was Anything Accomplished under the Articles of Confederation? � 1. Land Ordinance, 1785 � Meant to establish “townships” - a form of Land division � six miles square as basic unit of settlement.

Was Anything Accomplished under the Articles of Confederation? � 2. Northwest Ordinance, 1787 � Steps for Statehood: � 1. Congress appointed territorial Governor � 2. 5, 000 males needed to approve temporary state constitution � 3. Total Population of 60, 000 could apply for statehood

The Creation of the U. S. Constitution � Constitutional Convention met in May, 1787 � Every state except Rhode Island sent delegates � Place: Independence Hall in Philadelphia

Meet the Delegates -“founding fathers” … � 55 delegates in all � Average age: 42 � Oldest : Benjamin Franklin , 81 � Youngest : Jonathan Dayton, 27 � Favored A “representative democracy”

Meet the Delegates… “founding fathers” � 31 / 55 college educated � 19 / 55 slave owners � 31 / 55 Lawyers � Only 30 out 55 participate regularly � None represented the poor

Debatable ISSUES… � 1. Representation in Congress � 2. Slavery � 3. Who can vote? � 4. Economic Interests � 5. Individual Rights

Proposal #1 - The Virginia Plan : � Strong national government divided into: legislative, executive, judicial branches � 1. national legislature has supreme powers � 2. 1 house of legislature elected by people. � 3. bicameral legislature � Proposed by: James Madison

Proposal #2: The New Jersey Plan: �Favored a Weak national government � 1. Single chamber congress � 2. Each state has an equal vote �Proposed by: William Paterson

The Great Compromise, 1787

Compromises, 1787 � 1. The Great Compromise: � Equal representation in the Senate (2) � Representation based on Population in House of Representatives � 2. 3/5’s Compromise: � Free states vs. slave states � Counts 5 slaves as 3 people � When determining each state’s representation in House of Reps

Final Draft Of Constitution �Presented Sept. 17, 1787

Separation of Powers; Branches of Govenment � 1. Executive Branch (President) � President … � enforces laws � conducts foreign policy, � negotiates treaties � Commander in Chief of army � Appoints judges, and members of executive branch

Separation of Powers; Branches of Govenment � 2. Legislative Branch (Congress) � House of Reps + Senate = Congress � make laws � may override Presidential Veto � confirms Presidential appointments and treaties

Separation of Powers; Branches of Govenment � 3. Judicial Branch (Supreme Court) �Supreme Court interprets constitution, & the constitutionality of laws �“supremacy clause” – article 6 of the constitution is the supreme law of the land

Checks & Balances

The Constitution in Parts: � As ratified 1788: � 1. Preamble - Introduction � 2. Articles – 7 sections � AFTER 1788: � 3. Amendments additions to the original document � “The first 10 Amendments are the Bill of Rights”.

Preamble Sing-a-long �Karaoke Constitution! �http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 v. Dk 47 q. Lb. X s �We the people of the United States, In order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Ratification (approval) 1787 -1788 ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF THE CONSTITUTION � Federalists � Favored Constitution � Strong national government ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE CONSTITUTION � Anti-federalists � Against Constitution � Favored Strong States rights

The Federalist Papers -1787 � 85 Essays arguing for the Constitution � By: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison (A. JAY JAM!)

Federal Constitution Ratified June 21 st, 1788 � 9 th state (New Hampshire) approved � The Constitution- The Supreme Law of the Land

Electing the First President, 1789 � The Presidency: Each state chose electors � Electors voted for 2 men (Feb. 1789) � George Washington declared Winner -April, 1789 � John Adams (runner up) declared Vice. President

Bill of Rights, 1791 � 1 st 10 amendments to constitution � Guarantee of people’s liberties � Was not added until 1791 – not a part of the Constitution as ratified in 1788”.

Bill of Rights, 1791 � 1 st of religion, speech, press, assembly, & petition � 2 nd - right to keep & bear arms � 3 rd – lodging troops in private homes � 4 th – search, seizures, property warrants � 5 th- criminal proceedings, due process, eminent domain

Bill of Rights, 1791 � 6 th –criminal proceedings � 7 th –jury trials in civil cases � 8 th – bail, cruel & unusual punishment � 9 th –unenumerated rights � 10 th –powers reserved to the states

The Bill of Rights Rap, Yo. �http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=tlt 6 R 1 KD 4 E 0 �“the first 10 amendments are the bill of rights”