SECOND WORLD WAR 1939 1945 1192022 1192022 1192022
- Slides: 53
SECOND WORLD WAR (1939 -1945) 1/19/2022
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CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1) Militant Nationalism: ØInjustice was done to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler & Nazi party created a feeling of narrow nationalism. ØThe Fascist Party under the leadership of Mussolini created the feeling of militant nationalism. ØJapan believed in the policy ‘Asia for Asians’. Strong, narrow nationalistic feeling was created in the minds of people. 1/19/2022
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CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (2) Imperialism: ØGermany, Japan & Italy pursued the imperialist policy. ØGermany captured Austria in 1938 and Czechoslovakia in 1939 A. D. ØJapan occupied Manchuria in 1931. Ø Italy occupied Ethiopia in 1936. ØDemocratic governments failed to solve the problems. ØSo dictators like Hitler & Mussolini captured power. ØThey followed the imperialistic policy. 1/19/2022
CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (3) Alliances and Ententes (Groups): ØEuropean nations were filled with distrust and fear though the League of Nations was there. ØSo they made secret alliances and formed groups. ØFrance made treaties with European countries for mutual help. ØItaly made treaties with Central European countries. ØRussia made treaties with Germany, Turkey & Iran. ØThus, Europe was divided into three groups led by France, Italy & Russia. 1/19/2022
CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (4) The Arms Race: ØLong discussions for disarmament held at the table of League of Nations were proved useless. ØDictators like Hitler & Mussolini started piling up of weapons, as they wanted to increase glory of their countries. ØSo other nations of Europe also started piling up of weapons. ØAmerica, Japan & England also joined in this arms race. 1/19/2022
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CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (5) Failure of the League of Nations: ØThe League of Nations failed to prevent aggressive measures taken by the member nations. ØIt could do nothing when Japan captured Manchuria in 1931. ØItaly captured Abyssinia in 1936. ØGermany declared war on Austria in 1939. ØThe League of Nations was rendered helpless. 1/19/2022
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CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (6) The Unjust Treaty of Versailles: ØThe Treaty of Versailles was harsh & humiliating. ØIt was deprived of her colonies and mineral rich areas. ØIts armies were reduced in number. ØA very heavy war fine of pounds 6. 6 billion imposed. ØCrush Germany economically, politically, militarily. ØItaly and Japan received fewer colonies. ØThere was discontent in Germany, Italy and Japan. 1/19/2022
CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (7) Success of Dictatorship & Failure of Democracy: ØThe new Governments and Republics that emerged in several independent states were too weak to provide a stable government. 1/19/2022
CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (8) Policy of Appeasement: ØAs Hitler started reclaiming territories, England & France gave several concessions to Germany as they wanted to avoid the vagaries of another war. ØEngland France wished diplomacy to work and not wage a war. 1/19/2022
CAUSES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR (9) Need of War to Save Civilisation: ØThe evil of WW 2 was necessary to stop the greater evil, the Nazis. 1/19/2022
MAIN EVENTS OF WW 2 1/19/2022
1939 After securing the neutrality of the Soviet Union (through the August 1939 German-Soviet Pact of nonaggression), Germany started World War II by invading Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
1940 On April 9, 1940, German forces invaded Norway and Denmark. On May 10, 1940, Germany began its assault on western Europe by invading the Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), which had taken neutral positions in the war, as well as France. On June 22, 1940, France signed an armistice with Germany, which provided for the German occupation of the northern half of the country and permitted the establishment of a collaborationist regime in the south with its seat in the city of Vichy. 1/19/2022
1940 With German encouragement, the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic states in June 1940 and formally annexed them in August 1940. Italy, a member of the Axis (countries allied with Germany), joined the war on June 10, 1940. From July 10 to October 31, 1940, the Nazis waged, and ultimately lost, an air war over England, known as the Battle of Britain. 1/19/2022
1941 I June 1941, Germans + Allies invaded Soviet after securing the Balkan region by including Yugoslavia and Greece in direct violation of the German-Soviet Pact. In June and July 1941, the Baltic states. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin then became a major wartime Allied leader, in opposition to Nazi Germany and its Axis allies. Germans suffered stiff Red Army resistance prevented the Germans from capturing the key cities of Leningrad and Moscow. On December 6, 1941, Soviet troops launched a significant counteroffensive that drove German forces permanently from the outskirts of Moscow 1/19/2022
1941 One day later, on December 7, 1941, Japan (one of the Axis powers) bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The United States immediately declared war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States as the military conflict widened. 1/19/2022
1942 -43 1942 - British Royal Airforce raids German cities bringing war to Germany. The onslaught continued for the next three years. 1942 -43 Allied forces tasted success in North Africa during the summer of 1942, the Germans and their Axis allies renewed their offensive in the Soviet Union, aiming to capture Stalingrad on the Volga River, as well as the city of Baku and the Caucasian oil fields. 1/19/2022
The German offensive stalled on both fronts in the late summer of 1942. In November, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive at Stalingrad and on February 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered to the Soviets. In July 1943, the Allies landed in Sicily and in September went ashore on the Italian mainland. After the Italian Fascist Party's Grand Council deposed Italian premier Benito Mussolini (an ally of Hitler), the Italian military took over and negotiated a surrender to Anglo-American forces on September 8. 1/19/2022
1942 -43 German troops stationed in Italy seized control of the northern half of the peninsula, and continued to resist. Mussolini, who had been arrested by Italian military authorities, was rescued by German SS commandos in September and established (under German supervision) a neo-Fascist puppet regime in northern Italy. German troops continued to hold northern Italy until surrendering on May 2, 1945. 1/19/2022
1944 June 6, 1944 allied forcevs land in France Sept 11, 1944 US troops enter Germany one month after Soviet intrusion and both targeted the industrial centres destroying the backbone of Germany. 1/19/2022
1945 The Soviets began an offensive on January 12, 1945, liberating western Poland forcing Hungary (an Axis ally) to surrender. In mid-February 1945, the Allies bombed the German city of Dresden, killing approximately 35, 000 civilians. American troops crossed the Rhine River on March 7, 1945 1/19/2022
1945 A final Soviet offensive on April 16, 1945, enabled Soviet forces to encircle the German capital, Berlin. As Soviet troops fought their way towards the Reich Chancellery, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Western Allies at Reims and on May 9 to the Soviets in Berlin. In August, the war in the Pacific ended soon after the US dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 120, 000 civilians. Japan formally surrendered on September 2. 1/19/2022
BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI 1/19/2022
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JAPAN…… Still a force Despite long battle, Japan was a force to reckon. Fanatical resistance of Japanese military. Civilians trained in use of variety of weapons. 1600 Kamikaze planes to combat American attack. Suicide Air Corps jumped at the opportunity. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
Japan with its largest extent in 1942 1/19/2022
To Bomb… …Or not to Bomb Harry Truman, American President, started thinking whether to use the bomb or not. If bomb used : will kill thousands of innocent civilians If not used and instead invade Japan by land : stretch the war to a long time costing more cost & lives. After much debate, decision to bomb taken. Before dropping, American planes dropped leaflets of warning Japan to end war. 6 th August 1945, bomb dropped on Hiroshima destroying half city & killing 80000 people. Despite this, Japanese refused to surrender. So, on 9 th August 1945, another bomb dropped on Nagasaki destroying half the city & killing 40000 people. On 2 nd September 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally , signed armistice. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
Japan: General Heideki Tojo Germany: Adolf Hitler Italy: Benito MUssolini UK: Winston Churchil France: Charles de Gaule USSR: Joseph Stalin USA: Franklin Roosevelt (Harry Truman) 1/19/2022
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (1) LOSS OF HUMAN LIVES: ØApproximately 2. 5 crore soldiers were killed & 3. 5 crore wounded. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
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CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (2) COST OF THE WAR: ØBillions of dollars were spent on this war. ØProperty worth much more than that was destroyed. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (3) WEAKENED ECONOMY: ØThe economies of the nations which participated in the war were shattered. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (4) AMERICA STRENGTHENED: ØAmerica had helped the Allies with money, men and material during the war. ØAmerican influence on the European nations increased. ØIt emerged as a Super Power. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (5) DIVIDED GERMANY: ØGermany was divided into administrative zones: 1. East Germany (German Democratic Republic) was placed under Soviet Union. (Capital-Berlin) 2. West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) was administered by UK, France & US (Capital. Bonn) 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (6) JAPAN TAMED: ØA Parliamentary Democracy was set up in Japan. ØThe emperor of Japan was the constitutional head of the govt. ØThe Japanese govt. had to consult American while forming the political, administrative and economic policies. ØAll lands acquired by Japan since 1895 AD were taken away. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (7) REPARATION COSTS: ØThe defeated nations had to pay heavy war fines ranging from ten to thirty crore dollars. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (8) COLONIES STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: ØNationalistic feelings became strong in the colonies of England & France. ØEngland & France had become weak. ØSo countries like India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indo. China, Indonesia, Malaya & African countries became independent. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (9) EMERGENCE OF SUPER POWERS: ØThe world was divided into two power blocs, one under the leadership of America and other under the leadership of Russia. ØAs there were fundamental difference, Russia & America could not agree on problems like future of Berlin disarmament and aid to be given to underdeveloped countries. ØSo a situation of ‘Cold War’ arose between two power blocs. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (10) EUROPE SUFFERED: ØEuropean countries suffered the most. ØThey faced starvation. ØProduction was reduced to 66%. ØThere was price-rise. ØPeople had to pay heavy taxes after WW 2. ØSteps like rationing were introduced. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (11) REHABILITATION PROGRAMME: ØMillions of uprooted citizens, people fleeing invading armies, POW, survivors of Concentration camps & Slave labour camps were resettled by United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (12) UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION FORMED: ØIt aimed at international peace and solve problems by international cooperation instead of fighting. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (13) ADVENT OF NUCLEAR AGE: ØUS only knew how to build the atomic bomb. But the Cold War led Soviet Union to develop. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (14) TRADE AND COMMERCE: ØInternational trade was badly hit with trade embargoes and blockades. ØTrade grew after WW 2 as countries began to rebuild their economies. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR (15) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: ØShortage of rubber (Malaya) & silk (China) because of Japanese Dominion. ØIt led to the development of synthetic rubber, plastics, nylon & rayon for making things like parachutes, food packaging etc. 1/19/2022 World War II (1939 -1945)
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