Second Order Reflections Cultural Differences in Cultural Differences

Second Order Reflections: Cultural Differences in Cultural Differences Karl H. Müller The International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences Vienna, ISSS, July 12, 2017

Overview of „Science, Technology, Culture, Society“ Ø Revolution in Science: Science I (ca. 1500 – 1940/60) → Science II (1940/60 ff. ) Ø Science II: Based on Two Principal Components: Complexity and Reflexivity Ø Hidden Component: Reflexivity Ø Reflexivity on Three Major Pillars: Second-Order Science, Endo-Science, Reflexive Domains

Unlocking the Potentials of Reflexivity

Open Cognitive Horizons in Science, 1940 - 1960

The Rise of Second-Order Science The Emergence of a New Architecture of Science

Functional Differentiation between Levels Zero and One First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World Zero-Order Science (Research Infrastructures): A Catalytic Function for First-Order Science; Enabling Research, Speeding-up Research Experimental Data, Information, Documents, etc.

Changes in the Science II-System, 1940/60 - 2017 Ø Gene V. Glass (Educational Scientist): „Primary, Secondary and Meta-Analysis of Research“, in: Educational Researcher 5, 3 – 8, 1976 Ø Primary Data Analysis: New Data Secondary Data Analysis: Available Data Meta-Analysis: Pooling of Data; Statistical Analysis of Statistical Analyses Ø Meta-Analysis: “the analysis of analysis and as a statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. It connotes a rigorous alternative to the casual, narrative discussions of research studies which typify our attempts to make sense of the rapidly expanding research literature. ” (Glass, 1976: 3)

Changes in the Science-II System, 1940/60 - 2017 The Rise of Meta-Analysis in Psychological Abstracts • • • • Year Number of Counts 1967 – 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 0 2 4 6 9 18 32 55 63 • Source: Hunter/Schmidt, 1990: 40

Functional Differentiation between Levels One and Two Second-Order Science: A Reflexive Function for First-Order Science: Ø Quality Control [Robustness, Integration, etc. ] Ø Innovation [New Themes, New Insights, „Deep Structures“, etc. ] First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World

A Correspondence Principle between First and Second-Order Science Fields Correspondence Principle: For every well-developed first-order field or discipline one can construct a corresponding second-order field or discipline Systems Sciences Management Science Sociology X Second-Order Systems Sciences Second-Order Management Sci. Second-Order Sociology Second-Order [X]

Second-Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier Second-order problems can be generated for all types of first-order science building blocks (inputs and outputs): ØTheoretical Concepts ØModels ØTheories ØTests ØPatterns ØSystems ØSurveys ØDistributions ØStudies, etc.

The Primary Operation for Second -Order Topics: Re-Entries Second-Order Problems through Re-Entries of First. Order Building Blocks: Elements from First-Order Science X X(X) can be a test of tests, a pattern of patterns, a function of functions, a correlation of correlations, a model of models, a design of designs, a concept of concepts, etc.

Basic Differences Between Second. Order Science and Meta-Analyses are a Subset of Second-Order Science (Analysis of Analyses, Study of Studies, etc. ) Meta-Analyses: Primary Goal in Quality-Control Robustness, Generality, etc. Second-Order Science: Two Goals Goal I : Quality Control, Robustness, Generality, etc. Goal II: Innovations, New Perspectives, New Horizons

The General Methodology for Second. Order Science: P A S T Research in second-order science should be organized in four steps: ØP-roblem Specification through Re-Entries ØA-dding and Ordering Relevant Materials from First-Order Science ØS-tudying, Analyzing, Generalizing, etc. these Materials ØT-ransferring the Results of Second-Order Investigations to First-Order Science

An Innovative Second-Order ESSStudy of ESS-Studies (X(X)) Focus: European Social Survey (ESS) Currently app. 3000 articles with ESS-Data from 2003 onwards Research Tasks: P-roblem Specification: An ESS-Study of ESS-Studies A-dding and ordering the available first-order ESS-studies S-tudying this data-base and constructing different profiles of ESSbased research: the utilization of ESS-data in all six rounds, the distribution of topics in all six rounds, the profile of European social survey research (by nation, by disciplines, etc. ) T-ransferring the Second-Order ESS-Profiles to First-Order Researchers; Additional suggestions for empowering the ESS

Item Usage of the Core-Part of the ESS ITEM USAGE: A, B C CORE PART 250 200 150 100 50 0 Trust in people (3 items) Trst in: - Parliament - Legal system - Police - Politicians L-R scale Life satisfaction Happiness Meeting friends Health Religiousness Attending services Born in country

Second-Order ESS-Study as an Innovation Pump New Insights and Perspectives for a Significant Number of Disciplines OUTSIDE of Survey Research: Ø Statisticians (Development of New Methods) Ø Science Policy and Science Policy Analysts („evidence based“) Ø Methodologists for the Social Sciences and for General Science Ø Science Studies for the Social Sciences Ø Sociologists of Science (‚dead‘ topics like mobility research) Ø Further Disciplines like Philosophy of Science, Scientometrics, etc.

Second-Order Science: Main Drivers Enormous Production of Scientific Articles, Books, Reports, etc. („New Intransparency“) Inversion of Novelty Wisdom of Crowds (Diversity, Independence, Decentralization, Aggregation (Surowiecki)) Global Availability (Digital Knowledge Base)

Changes in the Science II-System 1940/60 - 2017: Epistemology A Significant Shift in Epistemology: ØScience from Without Science from Within ØExo-Science Endo-Science ØScience/Objectivity Science/Eigenforms ØFirst-Order Cybernetics Second-Order Cybernetics

Changes in the Science II-System 1940/60 - 2017 Heinz von Foerster (1911 – 2002) He promoted the idea of a New Copernican Revolution in Science as a Revolution in Complexity AND Reflexivity

The Five Most Important Publications by Heinz von Foerster • Das Gedächtnis. Eine quantenmechanische Untersuchung [Memory. A Quantum-Mechanical Investigation] (1948) • “Some Remarks on Changing Populations” (1959) • “Doomsday: Friday, November 13, AD 2026” (1960) • “Objects: Tokens for Eigenbehaviors” (1976) • “Ethics and Second-Order Cybernetics” (1992)

Two Epistemic Modes Heinz von Foerster: “Am I an observer who stands outside and looks in as God-Heinz or am I part of the world, a fellow player, a fellow being? ” (Foerster, 2014: 128) „Apart“ or „A part“

The Exo-Mode and the Endo. Mode • Exo-Mode (Science from Without) • • • Appearance World and I: separated Schizoid Monological Denotative Describing You say how it is Cogito, ergo sum Endo-Mode (Science from Within) Function World and I: one Homonoid Dialogical Connotative Creating It is how you say it Cogito, ergo sumus

The Traditional Way of World. Making during Science I Eric Kandel (“Age of Insight”): “Scientists make models of elementary features of the world that can be tested and reformulated. These tests rely on removing the subjective biases of the observer and relying on objective measurements and evaluations”. (Kandel, 2012: 449) Ø

The Traditional Exo-Mode Initial Stage Final Stage

The Endo-Mode (Science from Within) Triadic and Generative Network (Domain of Investigation X, I(Researchers), Knowledge Base), Recursively Organized

Church-Curry Fixed Point Theorem In Generative Triadic Networks („Reflexive Domains“ (L. H. Kauffman)): Church-Curry fixed point theorem. Let D be a reflexive domain and let T be any element of the domain D. Then there is an element X in D such that X is a fixed point for T. That is, TX = X. In every operationally closed system there arise Eigenvalues. (Heinz von Foerster)

Examples for Eigenforms Domain: Numbers {1, 2, 3, …. , 999} Operation: Extracting the square root (SQRT) Initial Value: ……… Eigenform: D(1, SQRT) = 1 Experiment E, Researchers R, Result of Experiment X: Eigenform: E(R, X) = X

Widening of Problem-Solutions Theoretical or „Scientific“ Problem. Solutions Societal or „Practical“ Problem Solutions Identification of a Scientific Problem; Theoretical Framework Explanation for the Scientific Solution of a Problem Identification of a Societal Problem Plan of Action for the Elimination or Reduction of a Societal Problem

Two Types of Second-Order. E (Epistemology) Second-Order. L (Levels, Fields) Mode from Within Second-Order Science Reflexive Domain Second-Order Studies on First-Order Components

First-Order Cybernetics and Second-Order Cybernetics First-Order Cyber netics Cybernetics from Without Second-Order Cybernetics Exo-Cybernetics Endo-Cybernetics of Systems Observed Cybernetics of Observing Systems Cybernetics from within

Four Science Fields for Each Science Field X within Science II Exo-Mode Endo-Mode Exo-Psychology First-Order X Endo-Psychology Second-Order X Second-Order Science Exo-Psychology Sec. Ord. Exo-X Second-Order Endo-Psychology Sec. Ord. Endo-X First-O. Science

The Five-Fold Agenda for Second. Order (Endo-)Cybernetics Ø Agenda I: Building an Alternative General Methodology for Endo-Science Ø Agenda II: Creating Special Endo-Methodologies for Scientific Disciplines Ø Agenda III: Foundations, Reframing, Contextualizations within and across Scientific Disciplines Ø Agenda IV: Reflexive Circles in „Applied“ Domains like Design, Education, Consulting, etc. Ø Agenda V: Reflexive Circles in Artistic Domains (Music, Theater, etc. )

The Five-Fold Agenda of Ranulph Glanville, (1946 – 2014) The Black B∞x (3 vol. ) Composer, Architect, Designer Professor for Innovation Design, Royal College of Art, London Professor for Research Design, Catholic University of Leuven

Changes in the Science II-System 1940/60 - 2017: Domains of Investigations Rise of Reflexivity within the Domains of Investigation: Two Basic Instances Human Communication and Interaction Processes: Internal Organization of Actors: Actors (A, B, C. . ) and Reflexive Relations like A: B(A)), B: A(B)), etc. Paradigmatic Example: Vladimir A. Lefebrve Two Ethical Systems (System I, System II)

Changes in the Science II-System 1940/60 - 2017: Domains of Investigations Coupled Complex Micro-Macro Ensembles Micro-Actors: {a, b, c. . . } Macro-Factors Micro-Actions (pa, pb, pc. . } → S, X …. . ← Paradigmatic Example: George Soros, Reflexivity Theory and Financial Markets

Science II as the Second Copernican Revolution in Science Complexity Revolution A Large Number of Science Dimensions Exhibits Center-Periphery Relations; Exchange between Center-Periphery Relations (e. g. , Linear/Non-Linear); Shifts towards Higher Complexity Levels Reflexivity Revolution Second-Order Science, Endo-Science, Reflexive Domains as Major Backbone

Closing Aphorisms I: First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on these Explorations

Closing Aphorisms II: Exo-Science: Exploring the World and Reflecting on these Explorations from Outside Endo-Science: Exploring the World and Reflecting on these Explorations from Within

Closing Aphorisms III: In Science II, each scientific domain or discipline X can be developed in four different ways, namely as first-order exo-X, first-order endo-X, second-order exo-X and as second-order endo X First-order science and second-order science operate as dual and recursively closed systems on themselves (like a sensorium and a motorium)

Closing Pattern on Reflexivity

The Second Copernican Revolution Heinz von Foerster (1911 – 2002) He promoted the idea of a New Copernican Revolution in Science as a Revolution in Complexity AND Reflexivity

Literature Karl H. Müller. Alexander Riegler (2014), „Second. Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier”, in: Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 10, No. 1, 7 – 15 Karl H. Müller (2014), „Towards a General Methodology for Second-Order Science“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, No. 5, 33 42 Müller, K. H. , Riegler, A. (2016), „Mapping the Varieties of Second-Order Cybernetics“, in: Riegler, A. , Müller K. H. (eds. ) Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 11, No. 3, 443 - 454

Literature (Continued) Karl H. Müller (2016), Second-Order Science. The Revolution of Scientific Structures. Wien: edition echoraum Karl H. Müller (2015), „A Silent Revolution in Reflexivity“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics , Vol. 13, No. 6, 70 - 81 Karl H. Müller (2015), „The Multiple Faces of Reflexive Research Designs”, in: Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, Vol. 13, No. 6, 87 98

Literature (Continued) Brina Malnar, Karl H. Müller (2015), Surveys and Reflexivity. A Second-Order Study of the European Social Survey (ESS). Wien: edition echoraum Müller, Karl H. (2015), „De Profundis. Ranulph Glanville’s Transcendental Framework for Secondorder Cybernetics”, in: Cybernetics and Human Knowing, Vol. 22, Nos. 2 – 3, 27 – 47 Müller, Karl H. (2017), “An Outline of the Varieties of the Second-Order Systems Sciences”, in preparation

Literature (Continued) Hollingsworth, J. R. , Müller, K. H. (2008), „Transforming Socio-Economics with a New Epistemology“, in: Socio. Economic Review, no. 3, vol. 6, 395 – 426 Müller, K. H. , Toš, N. (2012), Towards a New Kind of Social Science. Social Research in the Context of Science II and RISC-Societies. Wien: edition echoraum Foerster, H. v. (2014), The Beginning of Heaven and Earth Has No Name. Seven Days with Second-Order Cybernetics, ed. by Müller, A. and Müller, K. H. New York: Fordham University Press

Contact: Karl H. Müller Steinbeis Transfer Center New Cybernetics Vienna, Austria khm@chello. at 0043 664 4191961

Prepared for a workshop on The Influence of History and Culture on Science and Philosophy At the annual meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences Technical University of Vienna, Austria 12 April, 2017