Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the RHIC Vasily
- Slides: 22
Search for Magnetic Monopoles at the RHIC Vasily Dzhordzhadze for the Monopole Group CAD Meeting BNL, March 27, 2007 1
Motivation • 1269: French military engineer Pierre de Maricourt studied magnets • 1873: Maxwell equations; It can be symmetrized 1931: Dirac - Quantization of electric charge : eg = nħc/2 n=1, 2, 3, … g. D=ħc/2 e=e 137/2; g = ng. D; re=e 2/mec 2=r. M=g 2/m. Mc 2; m. M=2. 4 Ge. V 1974: t’Hooft and Polyakov - GUT of Strong and Electroweak interactions: (SU(5)->U(1)) MM mass ~ GUT scale = 1016 – 1017 Ge. V 1980 -1990: Colored monopoles; Intermediate Mass MMs; Extra Dimensions, Superstring, Proton decay 2
Magnetic Monopole mass predictions Electron radius = 2. 4 Ge. V GUT ~ 1016 – 1017 Ge. V Electroweak ~ 50 Ge. V – 104 Ge. V Super String ~ 103 - 105 Ge. V g-2 of muons > 240 Ge. V Z-> > 400 Ge. V High Pt ’s > 610 Ge. V s=0 High Pt ’s > 870 Ge. V s=1/2 High Pt ’s > 1570 Ge. V s=1 g-2 Z-> High Pt ’s 3
Magnetic Monopole Properties • • • Coupling constant a. MM=g 2/ħc = e 2/ħc [g/e]2=34. 25>>1 Coupling constant aem= e 2/ħc = 1/137<<1 Trajectory in Manetic field: hyperbola in r-z plane Energy gained in a B field : W = ng. Bl, few Ge. V/k. Gm Ionization a la Bethe-Bloch (Ze)2 ->(gb)2 for b= 1, (d. E/dx)MM = 4700 (d. E/dx)mip H 2 Air 4
Search for Magnetic Monopoles • Direct experiments: A large variety of devices to detect the signature of MM passage • Search MMs in Cosmic Rays • Search MMs stopped in mater (lunar rocks, earth ore) • Search MMs at the accelerators • Indirect experiments: Measurements of multi-photon production at the accelerators 5
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Induction Devices Method depends only on long range electromagnetic interaction. Superconducting solenoid: Di=4 p. Ng. D/L=DF/L; The change in flux induced by a monopole is 2 F 0, where F 0=2. 07 x 10 -15 Wb is flux quantum. 7
BNL Monopole Detector Setup Superconducting Shield LHe Dewar Vacuum Valve Superconducting Grid RHIC Beam tube Silicon Detectors Trapezoidal Transition piece Gradiometers IR Baffle Biased Screen Heat Station Heat Shield Mu Metal Shield 2 m 8
Gradiometer Assembly and Silicon Detector 4 K Cooling Ring Support Ring Solder Tab SQUID Silicon Gradiometer Coil 9
Third Order Gradiometer • 3 rd or 4 th order gradiometer coils are being investigated • L 3 rd~2 m. H • L 4 th~3 m. H • 3 rd order gradiometer cancels polynomial terms up to 25 th degree to better than 1% • 4 th order gradiometer cancels polynomial terms up to 75 th degree to better than 1% 10 150 mm
Expected Cross sections at RHIC and LHC 11
Published MM Experimental data 12
SBU Dewar installation at IR 2 13
Experimental situation • Two Dewars: SBU and BNL • SBU: Storage Dewar with superconducting magnetometer and SQUID • BNL: Dewar with two 3 rd order gradiometers, two magnetometers and 4 SQUIDs 14
Summary • The counterpart to the quantized elementary charge is the magnetic monopole. No monopole has been detected so far • Our proposed search is to detect a monopole by means of its magnetic charge • The detector can be used in future higher energy accelerators: LHC and/or ILC 15
Backup Slides 16
Drell-Yan Predictions at RHIC and LHC Energies 17
MMs cross section in pp interactions at RHIC and LHC s< 3. 0/(e Ldt) one year Lstore avg = 6× 1031 cm-2 s-1 pp 100 Ge. V; 1. 5 x 1032 cm-2 s-1 pp 250 Ge. V RHIC Lstore avg = 5× 1032 cm-2 s-1 for p-p at 14 Te. V LHC; x 200 Energy Ldt (pb-1) e s(pb) limit s(cm 2) limit 100 110 0. 005 5. 5 x 10 -36 100 110 0. 5 0. 055 5. 5 x 10 -38 250 275 0. 005 2. 1 x 10 -36 250 275 0. 021 2. 1 x 10 -38 14000 5000 0. 5 0. 0012 1. 2 x 10 -39 14000 100000 0. 5 0. 00006 6. 0 x 10 -41 14000 1000000 0. 5 0. 000006 6. 0 x 10 -42 18
MMs cross section in Au. Au ( ) RHIC and Pb. Pb ( ) at LHC s< 3. 0/(e Ldt) one year (107 s) Lstore avg = 8× 1026 cm-2 s-1 for Au-Au at 100 Ge. V/n RHIC Lstore avg = 1× 1027 cm-2 s-1 for Pb. Pb at 5500 Ge. V/n LHC Energy Ldt (pb-1) e s(pb) limit s (cm 2) limit 100 0. 0014 0. 005 428571 4. 3 x 10 -31 100 0. 0014 0. 5 4285 4. 3 x 10 -33 100 0. 0014 0. 005 0. 011 1. 1 x 10 -38 100 0. 0014 0. 5 0. 00011 1. 1 x 10 -40 5500 0. 01 0. 5 600 6. 0 x 10 -34 5500 0. 01 0. 5 0. 000012 1. 2 x 10 -41 19
Luminosity Functions Au. Au ( ), RHIC and Pb. Pb, LHC 20
SQUID Noise • Time resolution ~1 ms • ~100 ms measurement time needed to achieve 0. 1 f 0 sensitivity 0. 2 0. 1 Flux Noise f 0 0. 15 0. 07 0. 05 0. 03 20 50 100 200 Measurement time (ms) 500 1000 21
Gradiometer • Rejects “stray” B fields but has full sensitivity to monopole signal • Built with superconductor on Si substrate (for cooling) • Built in quadrants to reduce inductance and fit into 30 cm diameter commercial Si wafers 22
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