Scientific Revolution VIDEO INTRO FOR GALILEO l https

Scientific Revolution

VIDEO INTRO FOR GALILEO l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ilxoz. Jh 2 JNo l Bring up the beginning of look up at the sky and the Galileo bear part. (Funny way to start chapter)

Hypotheses Definition= theory that attempts to explain a set of facts, on study and observations

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS

Model from Copernicus' On the Revolutions

Copernican Model

Heliocentric Theory

New Theories in Astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus l Believed the Earth was round, rotated on an axis, and revolved around the sun l The Earth was not the center of the universe (He believed THE SUN WAS the center!) l Ideas were dangerous, because the church did not agree

Johannes Kepler Provided mathematical proof for Copernicus’s ideas. l Proved the planets move in oval paths, called ellipses, not in circles l Member of a Protestant church! l

VIDEO INTRO FOR GALILEO l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ilxoz. Jh 2 JNo l Bring up the beginning of look up at the sky and the Galileo bear part. (Funny way to start chapter)

Galileo Galilei Catholic l Reaffirmed Copernicus’s idea by discovery of moons l He got into trouble with the Catholic Church, which ordered him to abandon the new system because the Copernican conception contradicted that of the Church and the Bible l Catholic Church banned his ideas, and forced him to stand trial l

Galileo Galilei

Basically, Galileo’s beliefs conflict with that of the Catholic Church. The Church believed in the Geocentric Theory. However, Galileo is reaffirming Copernicus/Kepler’s beliefs (Heliocentric). This is a significant problem for Galileo because he is also a Catholic member of the church so he will be met with punishment from the inquisition.

Galileo on trial during Inquisition

VIDEO SOURCE FOR DESCARTES M & M Christmas Commercial “THEY DO EXIST, HE DOES EXIST”…. or do they? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. E 8 CJw. X SPRs Use this as the introduction to the bell ringer.

l New Ways of Thinking Rene Descartes l “I Think, Therefore I Am” l Doubted everything except his own existence l Father of modern RATIONALISM. l This system of thought is based on the idea that REASON is the chief source of knowledge. Do you exist?

Example of Rationalism l a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. l This is similar and extends from Humanism during the Renaissance and Reformation time period. l"scientific l rationalism“ Religious Rationalism - the practice of treating reason as the ultimate authority in religion

RATIONALISM

Francis Bacon l Helped develop the Scientific Method l State the Problem l Form a Hypothesis l Test Hypothesis l Interpret Results l Report Your Results Got a problem!? Quote: “Knowledge is power”

Does this look like me?

“Sir” Isaac

VIDEO SOURCE FOR GRAVITY l https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Jk 5 ECr. E 1 zg l This helps to introduce or conclude content on Newton.

Isaac Newton l *Nearly Left School l Developed Theory on Gravity l Crucial to his view was the universal law of gravitation: every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. l *Story of Apple Falling on His Head l *Developed Calculus

New Theories on Anatomy Andreas Vesalius l One of the First to Dissect the Human Body l *Before It Had Been Apes and Dogs l Published On The Structure of the Human Body

William Harvey Discovered that blood circulated through out the body and was pumped by the heart and returned through the veins

Robert Hooke Used Microscope to Discover Cells.

Hooke’s Microscope

New Thinking in Politics Natural Law l Definition= A Universal Truth or Principle that 17 th Century Thinkers Believed Could Be Found Through Reason l Directly Associated With the English Civil War Some Wanted the King to Have Total Power, Others Thought People Were Capable of Governing Themselves

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes l. Argued for Total (Absolute) MONARCHY l. Book entitled, “Leviathan” l. Believed without an absolute government, chaos would erupt

John Locke

John Locke l Believed in NATURAL RIGHTS= rights belonging to all humans from birth l Believed people were able to govern themselves l *Inspires the development of the U. S. government/constitution/laws

Hugo Grotius

Hugo Grotius l. Called for an international code based on natural law l. Believed that one set of laws would reduce the dealings of the government

William Penn

William Penn l. In American Colonies l. Believed in Pacifism l. Opposition to violence as a means of settling disputes

New Thinking in Religion l. Deism= religious philosophy of the 1700’s based on reason and the idea of natural law. (Locke/Descartes) l. Intended to construct a simpler religion based on REASON

New Thinking in Spreading Ideas Philosophes = Thinkers of the Enlightenment l. Most believed in Locke’s ideas and Newton’s theories l. Believed in freedom of speech and no church oppression

BASICALLY, The thinkers who called themselves philosophes were a diverse group who lived in France in the eighteenth century and led an intellectual movement that came to be called the Enlightenment. They are usually credited for inventing the language and concepts that were used during the French Revolution, but they did not participate themselves in the Revolution, since all the most prominent members of the group had already died when the Revolution broke out in 1789. The group includes figures like Voltaire and Rousseau, who disagreed on many fundamental issues. What united them intellectually can best be seen in the Encyclopedia.

Madame de Pompadour

In Paris, France… l Salons= in France, a gathering where Enlightenment individuals met for conversation l. Basically the home of someone who was rich where smart people would meet and talk

Madame de Pompadour l. Wealthy woman who ran a “salon” l. Probably the most remembered l. Mistress to Louis XV

Encyclopedie l 28 Volumes that Covered Everything Known to Science, Technology, and History l Criticized the church and government l Banned by the Catholic Church l Edited by Denis Diderot

Baron de Montesquieu

Baron de Montesquieu l Political Philosopher l The Spirit of Laws l Believed that power should be divided among branches of government l Legislative, Judicial, and Executive

Voltaire

l. A. K. A. Voltaire Francois-Marie Arouet l. Candide (Book) l. Poet, Author, and Philosopher l. Mocked the Government l. Freedom of Speech and Religion

Classicism l. Definition= styles and attitudes derived from the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome l. Seen in the art, music, and literature l. Move away from baroque

Jean-Jacques Rousseau l Anti-Enlightenment l Believed that humans were good, but that civilizations and institutions were corrupt l “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

Rousseau’s most famous work: The Social Contract People had the right to remove the “chains” of an oppressive society and to create a govt. devoted to the common good. This has shaped democratic thought from the 1700’s to the present

l If BASICALLY, you (as the citizen) are mistreated by your ruler too much, then in other words…. VIVE LA REVOLUCION! (or literally, long live the revolution! l (Remember this for the American and French Revolutions. )

e r u t l u C op e l p m a Ex

Immanuel Kant

l Immanuel Kant Metaphysics= the branch of philosophy that deals with spiritual issues such as existence of God l Critique of Pure Reason (Book)

OTHER EVIDENCE

New Religion l. Methodism is formed in England l. Response to the Cold Nature of The Church of England

John Wesley l. Started Methodism l. Stressed the value of personal religious experiences