Scientific Revolution 1543 Vocabulary Geocentric Earthcentered view of
Scientific Revolution (1543)
Vocabulary ● ● ● Geocentric : Earth-centered view of the universe Heliocentric : Sun-centered view of the universe Philosopher : A person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or a thinker
Causes of the Scientific Revolution ● Scientific Revolution: A new way of thinking about the natural world, and an increased willingness to question beliefs Causes: ● Increased need for careful observation and accurate measurements ● Invention of new instruments like the telescope and microscope ● Printing press allowed new ideas to spread quickly and easily
What It Was Before ● Prior to the SR, Europeans believed in the Ptolemaic System ○ ○ A geocentric model of the universe that combined ideas of Aristotle, Christianity, and Ptolemy Earth, which contained God’s chosen people, was the center of the universe ■ “The Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved” Psalms 104: 5
“Ptolemy is compared to a whimsical cook who, instead of turning his meat in roasting, should…contrive to have his whole fire, kitchen and all, whirling continually ‘round it. ” - Ben Franklin
Copernicus and Kepler ● Nicholas Copernicus determined that the universe is heliocentric ○ ○ ● Theory challenged centuries of scientific and religious belief Prominent religious leaders criticized his findings Johannes Kepler confirms and builds on ideas of Copernicus (and mentor Tycho Brahe) ■ Laws of Planetary Motion: Planets orbit the sun in ellipses
Scientific Breakthroughs ● Galileo’s Discoveries ○ ○ ○ Builds own telescope in 1609 CE Observations and discoveries challenge those of old Greek philosophers ■ Heavenly bodies (planets) made up of material substance, not pure light Forced to recant (publicly deny) his own theories by the Catholic Church ■ Later convicted of heresy and imprisoned until death
Newton’s View of the Universe ● Isaac Newton is often called the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution Newton defined three laws of motion ■ Main idea is the universal law of gravitation: Explains that a force called “gravity, ” which attracts all objects to each other, is what keeps planets in elliptical orbit Newton’s writings explained his findings step-by-step ○ Simple writing, relatively easy to understand ○ Changed the way Europeans saw the universe ○ ●
Kepler Planets orbit the Sun; move in specific ways Copernicus Sun revolves around Earth Galileo Planets made of same material as Earth Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry ● The willingness to question past beliefs bled into medicine and chemistry, leading to many discoveries ○ ○ ○ Robert Boyle ■ Proposed that matter was made up of smaller particles that joined together in different ways Antoine Lavoisier ■ Conservation of matter; “father of modern chemistry” ■ First list of elements ■ Devised the metric system William Harvey ■ Heart is the beginning point for blood circulation
Philosophy and Reason ● Rene Descartes ○ Father of modern rationalism : system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge ● Francis Bacon ○ Bacon devised the Scientific Method : A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence ● People begin using their own reason (Descartes) and observations (Bacon) to find answers instead of the gov’t or church
Inductive Reasoning Examples Inductive reasoning: Reaching a general conclusion based on multiple observations; finding a pattern The teacher used Power. Point on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. Therefore, the teacher will use Power. Point on Thursday. I met a mechanic in Flagstaff and he was very nice. I met a waitress in Flagstaff and she was very nice. I met a college student in Flagstaff and she was very nice. Therefore, everyone in Flagstaff is very nice.
“I think, therefore I am. ” “We cannot doubt our existence if we doubt. ” or RENE DESCARTES “I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am. ” Meaning: The very act of doubting one’s own existence proves the existence of one’s self
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Societal Impact ● The Scientific Revolution gave society many new discoveries about nature and the human body ○ ○ Medicine improves, bringing a higher life expectancy Surgeries and childbirth become less dangerous with new knowledge of the human body ● The Scientific Revolution provided new ways of thinking ○ Allows for the Enlightenment to take place
Exit Ticket With a partner, on one paper, fully answer and explain the following: ● Explain the relationship between Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Copernicus ● Why is Newton so important to the big picture of the Scientific Revolution? ● Why was theory of heliocentrism so threatening to the Church?
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