Scientific Inquiry and Laboratory Experiments Scientific Method includes

Scientific Inquiry and Laboratory Experiments

§ Scientific Method includes: § Observing and stating a problem § Forming a hypothesis (prediction) § If…then… § Designing and testing an experiment § Recording and analysing data § Forming a conclusion § Replicating the work

q. Types of Scientific Inquiry § § § Observational Studies Correlational Studies Controlled Experiments

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§ Observations versus Inferences § Observation: the act of noticing using our FIVE senses

1. Qualitative Observations: Observations that include descriptive information (five senses). § The solution changed from a blue to red colour. 2. Quantitative Observations: Observations that include numbers to help describe the data. § There was 10 m. L of solution at the end of the experiment.

§ Inference: to guess by reasoning based on our observations, “clues”, and your prior experiences

• Observational Study § To study and observe an object or phenomenon in its natural environment. § You simply observe and do not control/manipulate any variables. § Example: Jordan wants to learn more about the behavioural patterns of seahorses.

• Correlational Studies § A relationship between two variables. § Positive Correlation: an increase in one variable relates to an increase in other variable § Example: When I study, I do better on tests § When I practice dance, I get better

§ Negative Correlation: an increase in one variable causes a decrease in another § Example: The more Susan smokes, the less physically fit she becomes § The more time I spend playing fortnite, the lower my grades

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• Controlled Experiments § You have control of the set up in the experiment § Variable: any condition that can change in an experiment (factor) § Independent Variable: The one variable that “you” change on purpose during the experiment § Example: Brand of gum (hubba bubba, juicy fruit, etc)

§ Dependent Variable: The variable that changes as a response to the independent variable (it depends on what you changed earlier/”result”) § Example: The size of the bubble § Controlled variables: The other variables that are kept constant, and stay the same throughout the experiment § Example: Time to chew, chewer, etc

§ Example: Naomi and Maya want to know which straightener works better. § Independent Variable: The brand/type of straightener § Dependent variable: How straight their hair was after using the straightener (result) § Controlled variables: shampoo, hairspray, brush and technique used ALL stayed the same

§ Another example: Ryder and Jordan want to determine which soccer ball they can kick the farthest § Independent variable: type of ball § Dependent variable: how far they can kick the ball (result) § Controlled variables: boots/soccer cleats, amount of air in the ball, time of day, wind conditions.