Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physics D Habs

Scientific Case of ELI Nuclear Physics D. Habs LMU München • Fakultät f. Physik Max-Planck-Institut f. Quantenoptik Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 1

Outline Ø Ø Ø Dietrich Habs g beam + ELI high-power laser + electron beam New nuclear physics with the g beam • Nuclear resonance fluorescence – radioactive waste measurement • Chaos in nuclear physics • Pygmy resonance • Parity-violating nuclear forces Applications • New medical radioisotopes • Brilliant, intense positron beams • A new, brilliant neutron source • NRF + radioactive waste management New nuclear physics with the APOLLON laser • From TNSA to light pressure acceleration of ions • Relativistic electron mirrors and g beams • Fission fusion and the N = 126 waiting point of the r-process Fundamental physics = physics of the vacuum • Brilliant high-energy g production and pair creation in vacuum • Real part of the index of refraction: changed phase velocity ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 2

Major components of ELI-NP APOLLON laser stand alone g beam stand-alone • 2· 10 PW • Emax = 13 Me. V (19 Me. V) • 15 fs • 12 k. Hz • ~ 1/min • ring-down cavity for photons • 1024 W/cm 2 • warm electron linac, 600 Me. V • 2. 5× 1015 V/m • high brilliance (DEg/Eg ≥ 10– 3) • high flux (I = 1013 s– 1) APOLLON + e beam • Eg ≈ 100– 500 Me. V • ~ 1/min • flux: Ig = 106 / 15 fs • pair creation: 1024 W/cm 2 + 500 Me. V g Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 3

Layout of ELI-NP 2 ×APOLLON Gamma beam + Electron beam Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 4

Compton scattering Linear + non-linear e j q High resolution Large g produces blue shift Large a 0 produces red shift ; → (a 0 < 1) good dressed electron with electron gains weight, recoils less, and transfers less energy to final photon large a → higher harmonics n For large laser forces: 108 × higher gamma energies Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 5

g beams and new nuclear physics Backshifted Fermi gas model or Constant temperature model T. v. Egidy et al. , Phys. Rev. C 80, 059310 (2010). Gamma strength function M. Guttormsen et al. , Phys. Rev. C 63, 044313 (2001). E 1: milli Weisskopf units M 1: strong scissors mode ~ 1 W. U. Integrated excitation cross section Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 6

High brilliance vs. high flux Gamma beam Best: high brilliance + high flux: In 4 -5 years ERLs with 100 m. A will be available (D. Bilderhack et al. , Synchr. Rad. News 23, 32 (2010). Nuclear spectroscopy: • 10 -3 BW (Barty: 10 -4 possible) extremely important to explore individual resonances, variable resolution best • beam intensity has to be reduced to 109/s new MHz rates of fast risetime nuclear detectors with flash ADCs • high resolution reduces strong atomic background (20 -30 b/atom) In general one has to compare high brilliance and high flux for each experiment, e. g. positrons: energy resolution of gamma beam is not important, but emittance Positron moderation efficiency from 10 -6 to 10 -3. Crystal monochromator: Conversion of high flux to high resolution beam is less efficient, since crystal monochromator requires also good beam divergence. Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 7

Double crystal monochromator (GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL)) Single crystal – resolution is defined by beam divergence: h/L TOO LARGE for e. V resolution ~ 1 mrad FWHM Dietrich Habs ~ 10 nrad Double Crystal Spectrometer: • First Crystal defines beam axis with nrad • Bragg Angle is measured @ second crystal • Resolution is energy independent ELI-NP workshop: The Way • Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, D 2011 Resolution: E/E ~ 10 -6 8

Performance of GAMS (GAMS, M. Jentschel (ILL)) Diffraction efficiency of a 2. 5 mm Si 220 @ 0. 8 Me. V Energy Resolution of a 2. 5 mm Si 220 @ 1. 1 Me. V 4. 5 e. V @ 1. 1 Me. V Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 22% @ 0. 8 Me. V 9

GAMS monochromator Starting with 1013 g/s and 10 -3 bandwidth we get for a reflectivity per crystal of 10%: Dietrich Habs Bandwidth Intensity 10 -5 107 g/s 10 -6 105 g/s ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 10

Nano-focusing refractive lens For hard g-rays (200 ke. V) refractive lenses have been successfully tested. Concave lenses: Extension to Me. V energies for new brilliant g beams. Focal length Test of d theory for higher energies: M. Jentschel et al. , ILL proposal 3 -03 -731 Test of nano-lens array at MEGa-ray facility C. G. Schroer et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 054802 (2005). Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 11

Nuclear res. fluorescence Extension up to 4 Me. V: § 239 Pu and 235 U § Minor actinides: 237 Np, 241 Am, 243 Am, 244 Cm, 247 Cm 137 Cs, 129 I, 99 Tc § Fission fragments: T. Hayakawa et al. , NIM A 261, 695 (2010). Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 12

Regular motion and chaos in nuclear physics Compound nucleus (N. Bohr, Nature, 1936) 50 levels with the same mean level spacing Wigner distribution: Porter-Thomas distribution: Random matrix theory = chaos Generic spectra H. A. Weidenmüller et al. , Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 539 (2009). G. M. Mitchell et al. , ar. Xiv: 1001. 2422 v 1 (2010). Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 13

Nuclear resonances Pygmy and giant resonance Average values and fluctuating quantities With GAMS monochromator we can study individual resonances at PDR. Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 14

Parity violating NN-force (I) extremely short-range Very weak contribution GF = 1. 166× 10– 5/Ge. V 2 ; rnuc ≈ fm– 3 = nuclear density p. F/M = nuclear velocity at the Fermi level ≈ 0. 3 (v/c) ; U 0 = 50 Me. V = strength of nucleon-nucleus interaction Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 15

Parity-violating NN-force (II) We need tricks to enhance PNC-effects in nuclei: a) b) Suppression of regular transitions Use close-lying parity doublets Aim: measure different components of PNC-NN interaction Status: present coupling constants are inconsistent due to insufficient data → Dietrich Habs accuracy. reliable experiments with new more brilliant, intense g beam are required! ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 16

New experiments (II) Basic doublet parameters of 20 Ne Present data: 11270 ke. V: Gg 0 = 0. 716 e. V 11262. 3 ke. V: Gg 0 ≈ 11 e. V DE = (7. 7 ± 5. 7) ke. V g cascades from separate experiments. We can switch linear polarization shot after shot and can compare 11270 ke. V and 11262. 3 ke. V difference, and can compensate for small drift of Ge detector. → DE to better than 0. 7 ke. V. We can compare E 1 and M 1 excitation from shot to shot and determine Gg 0 values to better than 0. 1 e. V. 20 Ne Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 17

Applications Med. radioisotopes • 195 m. Pt labeled chemo • 117 m. Sn Auger electrons • 225 Ra/225 Ac α chains • 44 Ti/44 Sc generator γ-PET • Matched pairs diagnostics + therapy Radioactive waste manag. • • • Dietrich Habs Nuclear resonance fluorescence Radioactive waste management Better use of reactor fuel elements Brilliant positron beam • Positron-induced Auger spectroscopy (PAES) • • Scanning microbeams Fast coincident Doppler broadened spectroscopy (DDBS) g-beams Thermal neutron beams • Neutron scattering: structure + dynamics • • • ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 Small samples, extreme conditions Neutron reflectrometry Small angle scattering 18

Positron source (I) NEPOMUC at reactor FRM II + ELI-NP Ig = 9∙ 1015/s Ie+ = 9· 108 s– 1 B = 4∙ 105/(mm 2 mrad 2 e. V s) emod = 3∙ 10 -6 C. Hugenschmidt et al. , NIM A 554, 384 (2005). Ig = 1013/s Ie+ = 3· 109 s– 1 B = 2∙ 106/(mm 2 mrad 2 e. V s) emod = Dt = 1 -2 ps (pulsed) Switchable polarization 2∙ 10 -3 W-foil e+ g Self-moderation, negative electron affinity e+ range = 100 mm C. Hugenschmidt, K. Schreckenbach, D. Habs, P. Thirolf, Appl. Phys. B, submitted ar. Xiv: 1103. 0513 v 1 [nucl-ex] Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 19

Medical radioisotopes (I) Production of 50 new medical isotopes with gamma beams. D. Habs, U. Koester, Appl. Phys. B DOI: 10. 1007/S 00340 -010 -4278 -1 Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 20

195 m. Pt Labeled chemotherapy and therapy against resistances Chemotherapy: Treatment of tumors before and after other cancer therapies many (80%) cytotoxic Pt compounds: cisplatin, carbonplatin Aim: label chemotherapy and study anti-tumor efficiency application: intravenously, intraarterially, orally temperature (hyperthermic treatment) non-responding patients: identified in advance (30%) treat multi-resistant cancer cells with therapeutic dose of 195 m. Pt Importance: in Germany (~ 80 mio. people) we have: 1. 5 mio. chemotherapies/year average cost: 20 k€ = 30 bill. €/year Improvements: Dietrich Habs Identify optimum gateway state; cross section ↑ 104 verify labeled chemotherapy with 195 m. Pt from reactor (but 13000 b destruction cross section) ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 21

Medical radioisotopes (II) 44 Ti 46 Ti(g, 2 n)44 Ti generator Dietrich Habs (60 a) ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 22

44 Ti/44 Sc generator (I) Long-lived generator for hospital, Continuous production of 44 Sc 2∙ 511 ke. V + 1157 ke. V Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 23

44 Ti/44 Sc g-PET generator (II) Measure momentum of Compton electron in strongly pixeled detectors Determine direction and position of 1157 ke. V γ 3 D reconstruction of decaying 44 Sc 2 D reconstruction of collinear line with PET = Positron Emission Tomography Better resolution, less dose Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 24

Nuclear resonance fluorescence Applications • Radioactive waste management - study 238 U/235 U and dominant fission fragments in barrels - isotope-specific identification of location and quantity (735 ke. V transition in 235 U), 239 Pu, fast detection without destruction of sample • Nuclear material detection (homeland security) - scan containers in harbors for nuclear material and explosives - detect specific small isotopic amounts (like 210 Po) • Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods - fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain a homogeneous burn-up - measuring the final 235 U, 238 U content may allow to use fuel elements 10% longer - more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste • Medical applications: no activity - NRF does not appear very important compared to PET Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 25

Notch-detectors for nuclear resonance fluorescence g-ray beam dump Narrow g beam Isotope sample isotope second scatterer Hole burning, ultra-high resolution NRF • Tomography • 235 U/238 U ratio Dietrich Habs change in scattering rate ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 26

Brilliances of g-rays and neutron beams ILL reactor, Grenoble 1023 / (mm 2 mrad 2 s 0. 1%BW) Dietrich Habs 102 / (mm 2 mrad 2 s 0. 1%BW) ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 27

2 -step neutron production Neutron halo isomer, dissociation of n-halo isomer D. Habs et al. , ar. Xiv-1008. 5324 [nucl-ex] (2010), accepted by Appl. Phys. B DOI: 10. 1007/S 00340 -010 -4276 -3 Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 28

Neutron halo wave function Weakly bound neutron tunnels far out and lives for ns. wave function potential Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 29

Neutron experiments Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 30

New neutron beam Pulsed, brilliant Big advance in neutron scattering: Ø structure of biological samples, heterostructures, new functional materials Ø only available as very small samples micro neutron beam Ø H and light materials strong scattering functionality of biomaterials Ø collective states, e. g. magnons, phonons – relaxation, diffusion Ø short pulses dynamics, time dependence Many new possibilities in: Ø biology Ø hard condensed matter Ø geoscience Ø nuclear physics Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 31

Laser acceleration schemes Former schemes Ion acceleration TNSA (target-normal sheath acceleration) • Low conversion efficiency • Huge lasers are required S. C. Wilks et al. , Phys. Plasmas 8, 542 (2001). Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 32

New Acceleration Mechanism Radiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA) Optimum ion acceleration ions Optimum electron acceleration electrons for Normalized areal electron density: Normalized vector potential: = dimensionless O. Klimo et al. , Phys. Rev. ST AB 11, 031301 (2008). S. G. Rykovanov et al. , New J. Phys. 10, 113005 (2008). Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 33

Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) Cold compression of electron sheet. Rectified dipole field between electrons and ions. Neutral bunch of ions + electrons accelerated. Solid-state density: 1024 e cm– 3 Classical bunches: 108 e cm– 3 Very efficient! Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 34

Fission-fusion reaction very neutron-rich nuclei H, C, O + Th → FL + FH fission fragments in target 232 Th + 232 Th → fission of beam in F + F L H Reaction of radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of beam + Radioactive short-lived light fission fragments of the target a) Fission b) Fusion: Dietrich Habs FL + F L → ≈ 18580 nuclei close to N=126 waiting point 232 FL + FH → Th old nuclei FH + FH → unstable AZ ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 35

Chart of the Nuclides r-process and waiting points Fission-fusion with very dense beams Radioactive targets + radioactive beam • Superheavies: Z = 110, T 1/2 = 109 a ? • recycling of fission fragments ? Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 36

Experimental setup neutron-rich nuclei in fission-fusion Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 37

Pair creation Nonperturbative tunneling process For E << ES exponentially strong suppression Dynamically assisted pair creation: R. Schützhold et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 130404 (2008) G. V. Dunne et al. , Phys. Rev. D 80, 111301(R) (2009) High field + high g energy: N. B. Narozhny, Zh. Eksp. Teo. Fiz. 54, 676 (1968). Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 38

Hard g + pair production N. Elkina + H. Ruhl Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 39

Phase contrast imaging Phase velocity of probe laser in polarized vacuum Optical intense probe laser, deflection angle focusing K. Homma, D. Habs, T. Tajima, ar. Xiv: 1006. 4533 [quan -ph] (2010) Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 40

ELI-NP coupling-mass limit per shot SHG Log g/M [1/Ge. V] 200 J 15 fs QCD axion (Dark matter) OPG 200 J 15 fs(induce) OPG 200 J 1. 5 ns(induce) Gravitational Coupling（Dark Energy) 2011/3/11@Bucha rest for ELI-NP Dietrich Habs Kensuke Homma ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 log m [e. V] 41 41

ELI-NP the way ahead Next steps Ø Build a nano-structured target for a positron source at 2 Me. V together with C. Hugenschmidt Ø Build a nano-structured g-ray lens at 1 Me. V together with M. Jentschel Ø Build a “flying” GAMS crystal spectrometer monochromator together with M. Jentschel Ø Test production of new medical radioisotope 195 m. Pt at ~ 2 Me. V together with U. Koester Ø Test MHz g detectors + electronics together with K. Sonnabend and D. Savran Flying start of ELI-NP g beam at MEGa-ray Dietrich Habs ELI-NP workshop: The Way Ahead, Bucharest, Mar 10 -12, 2011 42