SCIENCE What is Science SCIENCE Science as defined

SCIENCE What is Science?

SCIENCE Science, as defined by the National Academy of Sciences, is the "use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process. "

SCIENCE Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. http: //sciencecouncil. org/about-us/our-definition-of-science/

SCIENCE is knowledge obtained by observation

SCIENCE Presuppositions 1. Nature is Real. What we sense is reality.

SCIENCE Presuppositions 2. Cause and effect relationships are consistent in nature – that is the processes that shape the world in the past are the same as those operating today and in the future. Physical Laws

SCIENCE Presuppositions 3. Nature is understandable.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Steps in Scientific Method

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Science is a system of observation and experimentation. This system of observation and experimentation is the scientific method. The scientific method is the engine behind science. Scientific Method is a frame of mind that helps ensure objective observations

Steps of the Scientific Method Make observations Formulate a Hypothesis Consult prior knowledge Design a Controlled Experiment Collect Data Interpret Data Draw Conclusions

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Define a Question GENERAL PRINCIPLES “What causes pimples? ” Observe Information gathering (literature review) Forming of a Hypothesis “Getting pimples is unaffected by eating greasy food” Test the Hypothesis Perform an experiment and collect data. The experiment must be reproducible. Data Analysis Perform statistical analysis. Interpret the Data and its Implications This will provide a starting point for further hypotheses. Publish Results This allows others to learn about your discovery and develop further advanced research. Retest An important part of the scientific process is testing the work of others to ensure you get the same results.

HYPOTHESIS Reasonable Explanation

HYPOTHESIS After your observations/researching existing information about issue, you will form an educated guess to answer your question. Hypothesis is defined as: “a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation”.

HYPOTHESES Basically, it is a suggested solution for an unexplained occurrence that does not fit into current accepted scientific theory. It must be worded so that it can be tested, and subsequently answered. This is called falsifiability and testability.

HYPOTHESES In order to make it testable, you express your hypothesis using an independent variable and dependent variable. Independent Variable (IV): variable you change Dependent Variable (DV): you observe changes of this variable with the changes of the IV.

EXAMPLE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT

EXAMPLE EXPERIMENT Define a Question: “What happens if I water a plant with different liquids? ” Information gathering: research on the methods water is absorbed through the plant Hypothesis: “Normal water with little to no additives is the most effective liquid to water”.

Types of Variables Independent Dependent Control This is the variable you change. You collect data on this variable based off of the changes you make to the independent variable. Unchanged, constant. 9 8 7 6 1 5 4 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 1 1 3 5 5 2 4 4 3 3 1 Example Using various liquids to “water” a plant versus your control: water. 2 2 1 1 Example Plant height Example Type of plant, soil. Plant water

EXAMPLE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT Raw Data Water Treatment (IV) Height (in) Soda Orange Juice Vinegar Water Plant #1 10. 2 12. 4 4. 5 19. 8 Plant #2 12. 6 11. 9 6. 7 21. 5 Plant #3 11. 7 10. 5 5. 9 21. 9 Plant #4 9. 8 11. 3 6. 4 22. 3

EXAMPLE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT Water Treatment (IV) Height (in) Soda Orange Juice Vinegar Water Plant #1 10. 2 12. 4 4. 5 19. 8 Plant #2 12. 6 11. 9 6. 7 21. 5 Plant #3 11. 7 10. 5 5. 9 21. 9 Plant #4 9. 8 11. 3 6. 4 22. 3 Soda Data Analysis Orange Juice Vinegar Water Mean 11. 075 11. 525 5. 875 21. 375 Standard Deviation (σ) 1. 305 0. 818 0. 974 1. 100

IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSION What would your conclusion be given this data? Soda Orange Juice Vinegar Water Mean 11. 075 11. 525 5. 875 21. 375 Standard Deviation (σ) 1. 305 0. 818 0. 974 1. 100 Recommendations?

THE NEXT STAGE: THEORIES We have tested hypotheses – now what?

THEORIES A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation for natural phenomena. Theory is the result of repeatedly testing and confirming hypotheses with the use of the scientific method. Hypothesi s Scientif ic Theory Hypothesi s

THEORIES The US National Academy of Sciences defines theories as: Scientific theory. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence. Many scientific theories are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them substantially.

THEORIES The common usage of the term theory does not reflect scientific theory.

EXAMPLES OF THEORIES What are some examples of theories?

EXAMPLES OF THEORIES Heliocentric theory The model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar system. Is this a fact? It serves as an example of how many theories are well established and no new evidence can substantially alter them.

EXAMPLES OF THEORIES Germ theory of disease: States that some diseases are caused by microorganism Cell theory: Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction.

DISTINGUISHING: HYPOTHESES AND THEORIES Hypotheses Theories Suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon Well-established, unified explanation Prediction of a possible relationship between two events Very specific – focused on certain events Developed after a set of proven hypotheses Based on a wide set of data It is a general principle

IDENTIFYING Hypothesis or Theory? “If I add a certain amount of growth regulator to this plant, it will cease growing taller. ”

IDENTIFYING Hypothesis Why? • Specific • Suggestion, prediction • Predicting a correlation among events

IDENTIFYING Hypothesis or Theory? “Based on the studying of fossils and the modern distribution and reproduction of organisms, natural selection is how life has developed through the ages. ”

IDENTIFYING • Theory • Why? • General • Well-substantiated, unified explanation • Repeated testing, evidence

ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY In groups, develop a plan for a scientific experiment. Draw out and explain all the steps for the scientific theory for your experiment. Remember: the scientific process is methodical and intricate. It’s important to make sure the experiment is accurate.

ASSESSMENT

ASSESSMENT What is a scientific hypothesis? What are the steps of the scientific theory? Describe each step of the scientific theory Provide examples Compare and contrast hypotheses and theories

REFERENCES Baraceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research I. 1 st ed. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore.