Science Starter Please use your Science Starter Answer

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Science Starter Please use your Science Starter Answer key to answer the following: Name

Science Starter Please use your Science Starter Answer key to answer the following: Name the 7 Major Continents Name the 5 Major Oceans 6 1 5 4 2 7 3

Science Starter 1. North America 2. South America 3. Australia 4. Africa 5. Asia

Science Starter 1. North America 2. South America 3. Australia 4. Africa 5. Asia 6. Europe 7. Antarctica A. Atlantic Ocean B. Pacific Ocean C. Indian Ocean D. Southern Ocean E. Arctic Ocean 6 1 5 4 2 7 3

Textbook Scavenger Hunt Books in the back cabinet labeled “Books”

Textbook Scavenger Hunt Books in the back cabinet labeled “Books”

Introduction to Earth Science The “What”, the “When”, and the “Why” Unit 1 –

Introduction to Earth Science The “What”, the “When”, and the “Why” Unit 1 – Chapter 1 Sections 1. 1, 1. 2, & 1. 5

Looking Back �Classroom policies �Procedures �Who is a scientist?

Looking Back �Classroom policies �Procedures �Who is a scientist?

Let’s Review �What do you think Earth Science is? �What is the late-work policy?

Let’s Review �What do you think Earth Science is? �What is the late-work policy? �Who is a scientist?

Looking Ahead �Tomorrow we will go over the ways that people represent the surface

Looking Ahead �Tomorrow we will go over the ways that people represent the surface of the Earth and how they interact with it! �Lab Activity

Vocabulary Please write these down on a sheet of paper. Do NOT define them

Vocabulary Please write these down on a sheet of paper. Do NOT define them right now, but leave space to do so later. � Earth Science � Geology � Oceanography � Meteorology � Astronomy � Hydrosphere � Atmosphere � Geosphere � Biosphere � Core � Mantle � Crust � Latitude � Longitude � Topographic Map � Contour Line � Contour Interval � System � Hypothesis � Theory

Overview of Earth Science �Earth Science is the name for a group of sciences

Overview of Earth Science �Earth Science is the name for a group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space. �Deals with Subdivisions of Geology �Geochemistry �Geophysics �Geobiology �Paleontology �Oceanography �Meteorology �Astronomy

Overview of Geology �Units 1 through 4 focus on the science of Geology. �Geology

Overview of Geology �Units 1 through 4 focus on the science of Geology. �Geology means “study of the Earth” and it is divided into two broad areas: Physical Geology and Historical Geology.

Physical vs. Historical Geology Physical Historical � Examination of materials that �Aim is to

Physical vs. Historical Geology Physical Historical � Examination of materials that �Aim is to understand � � make up Earth and the possible explanations for the many processes that shape our planet. Processes below the surface create earthquakes, build mountains, and produce volcanoes. Processes at the surface break rock apart and create different landforms. Erosion by wind, water, and ice results in different landscapes. Rocks and minerals form in response to Earth’s internal and external processes. Earth’s long history. �Tries to establish a timeline of the vast number of physical and biological changes that have occurred in the past. We study physical and historical geology because we must first understand how Earth works before we try to unravel its past!

Overview of Earth Science �Unit 5 is devoted to Oceanography. �Integrates the sciences of

Overview of Earth Science �Unit 5 is devoted to Oceanography. �Integrates the sciences of chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. �Oceanographers study the composition and movements of seawater, as well as coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life.

Overview of Earth Science �Unit 6 examines the composition of Earth’s atmosphere. �What is

Overview of Earth Science �Unit 6 examines the composition of Earth’s atmosphere. �What is the atmosphere? �The combined effects of Earth’s motions and energy from the sun cause the atmosphere to produce different weather conditions. �This creates the basic pattern of global climates. �What season are we just going into? Think Weather! �Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate. �Involves other branches of science like geology as

Overview of Earth Science � Unit 7 shows that understanding Earth requires an understanding

Overview of Earth Science � Unit 7 shows that understanding Earth requires an understanding of Earth’s position in the universe. � The science of Astronomy (the study of the universe) is useful in probing the origins of our own environment. � All objects in space (including Earth) are subject to the same physical laws. �So how would it help us if we knew something was happening on Mars?

Overview of Earth Science �Throughout its long existence, Earth has been changing. �Changing all

Overview of Earth Science �Throughout its long existence, Earth has been changing. �Changing all the time—even as you read this page! �Sometimes the changes are rapid and violent (such as when tornadoes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions occur). �Many changes, however, take place so gradually that they go unnoticed during a lifetime. VS

Formation of Earth � How many planets are there? Name them in order of

Formation of Earth � How many planets are there? Name them in order of closest to the sun to furthest! �Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune �Pluto is NOT a planet! It is a DWARF Planet! � Even our own moon is larger than pluto! � Scientists understand that Earth and the other planets formed during the same time span and from the same material as the Sun.

Nebular Hypothesis Theory �Suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an

Nebular Hypothesis Theory �Suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. It was made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, with a small percentage of heavier elements.

The Planets Inner Outer � Terrestrial Planets �Gas Giants �Formed with large � High

The Planets Inner Outer � Terrestrial Planets �Gas Giants �Formed with large � High Temperatures and weak gravity. � Unable to hold onto the lighter gases of the nebular cloud. �Lightest gases, hydrogen and helium, were whisked away towards the heavier planets by “solar wind”. �Earth, Mars, and Venus managed to retain heavier gases like CO 2 and Water Vapor. percentages of water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. �Their massive size and frigid temperatures give them enough gravity to hold onto heavier gases in their

Layers of the Earth � Shortly after Earth formed, decay of radioactive elements combined

Layers of the Earth � Shortly after Earth formed, decay of radioactive elements combined with heat by colliding particles produced melting of some of Earth’s interior. �Like when Mythbusters put a Jawbreaker in the Microwave � The melting of the interior allowed denser elements like iron and nickel to sink towards Earth’s center. � Lighter, rocky components floated upwards towards the surface. �This is still believed to be happening, but on a much smaller scale. � Earth’s interior is not made up of uniform materials. �Has layers of material that have different properties. � This allowed gaseous materials to escape from Earth’s center. �Like when a volcano erupts! �This formed the atmosphere and oceans– they were formed of gases that were released from the center of the planet!

Earth’s Major Spheres �Earth is traditionally divided into 3 major spheres: �Water portion of

Earth’s Major Spheres �Earth is traditionally divided into 3 major spheres: �Water portion of our planet: Hydrosphere �Gaseous Envelope: Atmosphere �The Earth’s Surface: Geosphere �Our Environment is characterized by the continuous interactions of air and rock, rock and water, and water and air. �The biosphere (all lif-forms on earth) interacts with all three spheres, so earth can be thought of as having four spheres. �Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere, and the Biosphere.

Hydrosphere � Water is what makes Earth unique. � All the water on earth

Hydrosphere � Water is what makes Earth unique. � All the water on earth makes up the hydrosphere. �Continuously on the move, water evaporates from oceans, precipitates to the land, and runs back into the ocean. � 97% of water is in the oceans. � 3% is freshwater � Glaciers � Groundwater � Rivers and Lakes � Freshwater is VERY IMPORTANT!

Atmosphere � The life-sustaining gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. � Reaches beyond 100 kilometers

Atmosphere � The life-sustaining gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. � Reaches beyond 100 kilometers above Earth. � 90% of it is found within 10 km of the surface. � Provides us with the air we breathe and protects us from the sun’s heat and radiation. � Energy exchanges occur continuously between the atmosphere, space, and Earth’s surface and this causes weather and climate. � If Earth had no atmosphere, what do you

Geosphere � Lies beneath the atmosphere AND the ocean. � Geosphere is not uniform—it

Geosphere � Lies beneath the atmosphere AND the ocean. � Geosphere is not uniform—it is divided into three main parts based on differences in composition. �Core �Mantle �Crust � Crust is not uniform in thickness! �Thicker under continents �Thinner under oceans � The Crust and the uppermost mantle make up rigid outer layer called the lithosphere. �Beneath the lithosphere the rocks become partially molten, or melted. �Able to slowly flow because of the uneven distribution of heat deep within the earth. � This is called the asthenosphere. � Beneath the asthenosphere rock becomes harder again. �This is the lower mantle.

Geosphere

Geosphere

Biosphere �Includes all life on Earth. �Concentrated in a zone that extends from the

Biosphere �Includes all life on Earth. �Concentrated in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upwards for several km into the atmosphere. �Animals do more than respond to their environment—they also shape it!

Plate Tectonics � What would the Earth look like millions of year in the

Plate Tectonics � What would the Earth look like millions of year in the past? � What was the name of the supercontinent in the most recent past? � Features like the Grand Canyon, the Rocky Mountains, and the Appalachian Mountains didn’t exist millions of years ago. � TWO driving forces that affect Earth’s surface!

Plate Tectonics Constructive Forces Destructive Forces �Mountain building and �Weathering and volcanism build up

Plate Tectonics Constructive Forces Destructive Forces �Mountain building and �Weathering and volcanism build up the surface by raising the land depositing new material in the form of lava. �Depend on Earth’s internal source of heat for their source of energy. erosion work to wear away high points and flatten out the surface.

Plate Tectonics �Within the last several decades, a great deal has been learned about

Plate Tectonics �Within the last several decades, a great deal has been learned about the workings of the Earth. �This is called a revolution in our knowledge of the Earth. �Began in early 20 th century when the idea that the continents had been moved about the face of the Earth. �This contradicted the previous idea that continents had been stationary throughout Earth’s long history. �This idea was not well accepted at first. �It took 50 years before enough data was gathered to transform this hypothesis of plate tectonics into an accepted theory.

Plate Tectonics �The Theory of Plate Tectonics provides geologists with a model to explain

Plate Tectonics �The Theory of Plate Tectonics provides geologists with a model to explain how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur and how continents move. �According to this theory, the lithosphere is broken into pieces called ‘plates’. �Plates move slowly and continuously across the surface. �Motion is driven by the unequal distribution of heat within the Earth. �The movements of plates generates earthquakes, volcanism, and the deformation of large masses of rocks into mountains.

The Scientific Method – Put it to the Test!

The Scientific Method – Put it to the Test!

Scientific Inquiry � All of science is based on two assumptions: �The natural world

Scientific Inquiry � All of science is based on two assumptions: �The natural world behaves in a consistent and predictable manner. �Through careful, systematic study we can understand explain the natural world’s behavior. � We can use this knowledge to make predictions about what should or should not be expected. � The development of new scientific knowledge involves some basic steps. The first of which is OBSERVATION! Observe what is happening around you/observe the problem you want to solve! �HOMER � Hypothesize, Operationalize, Measure, Evaluate, and Replicate/Revise/Report

Scientific Method - Hypothesize �Once data has been gathered, scientist try to explain how

Scientific Method - Hypothesize �Once data has been gathered, scientist try to explain how or why things happen in the manner observed. �Scientists do this by stating a possible explanation called a scientific hypothesis. �“I see that plants grow tall, so I hypothesize that sunlight has an effect on plant growth. ” �Sometimes more than one hypothesis is developed. �Just because there is a hypothesis, it doesn’t mean it is correct. �If a hypothesis can’t be tested it us USELESS no matter how interesting it is.

Scientific Method - Operationalize �Create an experiment to test your hypothesis! �This is done

Scientific Method - Operationalize �Create an experiment to test your hypothesis! �This is done by changing ONE VARIABLE AT A TIME. �A variable is a part of the experiment that you change. �Independent Variable: The part that you change in the experiment. (The amount of sunlight a plant gets) �Dependent Variable: The variable that changes in response to the independent variable (plant growth…it DEPENDS on the independent). �Control: Variables that DO NOT CHANGE. �Such as the soil the plant is potted in, the amount of water the plant gets, etc. The variables that ARE NOT BEING

Scientific Method - Measurement �Analyze your experiment! �Gather data throughout the process CONSTANTLY. �Write

Scientific Method - Measurement �Analyze your experiment! �Gather data throughout the process CONSTANTLY. �Write down your data as accurately as possible! �The difference between blowing stuff up and science is writing it down! Scientific Method - Evaluate �If the experiment is valid, determine what it means for your experiment. �Plants grew higher in sunlight than in darkness, this means your hypothesis was upheld. �Do the results make sense? Do they address

Scientific Method – Repeat/Revise/Report �All scientific experiments must be able to be REPLICATED with

Scientific Method – Repeat/Revise/Report �All scientific experiments must be able to be REPLICATED with CONSISTENT RESULTS. �If an experiment cannot replicate results, it’s useless. �You need to run an experiment at LEAST 3 times or more! �Revise: �If your experiment needs to be revised in order to get new data because it doesn’t answer the hypothesis or the data shows a different result. �Report: �Science must be REPORTED and then checked by other scientists to see if results can be replicated/if the data supports your hypothesis!

Scientific Theory �When a hypothesis has survived extensive testing and peer review, it may

Scientific Theory �When a hypothesis has survived extensive testing and peer review, it may become a scientific theory. �A scientific theory is well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.

Review � What subdivisions of geology does Earth Science include? �Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geobiology, Paleontology,

Review � What subdivisions of geology does Earth Science include? �Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geobiology, Paleontology, Oceanography, Meteorology, Astronomy � What are the steps in the Scientific Method? �Hypothesis, Operationalize, Measurement, Evaluate, Repeat/Revise/Results � What would happen without our atmosphere? �Life would cease to exist. � What are the main layers of the Earth? �Crust, Mantle, Core � What is the lithosphere broken up into? �Plates � How many spheres are in the Earth System and what are they? � 4 (Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere)