Science Skills Observation using your senses to describe
Science Skills: Observation: using your senses to describe something Inference: a guess or prediction that you make based on the information that you have
Earth’s Spheres Hydrosphere Part of the Earth that is water Oceans, rivers, streams, glaciers Lithosphere Solid part of the Earth Crust, mountains, rocks, minerals Atmosphere Layer of Gas that surrounds the Earth
Cycles Review
Mineral’s Properties are used to help identify minerals Luster: Metallic (shines like metal) Non-Metallic, clear, transparent, dull. Breakage Pattern: Cleavage: Flat sides Fracture: uneven breakage Hardness: some minerals are softer and some harder. We tested this by seeing which minerals can scratch glass Mineral Properties Streak: The color of a powder left by a mineral
Three types of rocks • • • Igneous Rocks: Form from molten rock that cools and hardens. Sedimentary Rocks: Form from sediments (pieces of other rocks) that are cemented together. Metamorphic Rocks: are formed when old rocks change by heat and pressure .
Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks that have fossils
When fossil fuels are burned CO 2 is released into the atmosphere Plant take CO 2 out of the atmosphere and release oxygen. Animals take in oxygen and release CO 2 When animals die and decompose carbon is stored as a fossil fuel.
Carbon cycle: key concepts • Living organisms provide important steps in the carbon cycle: Plants and animals exchange gases with the atmosphere • Example • Plants absorb Carbon Dioxide CO 2 (gas) during photosynthesis and release oxygen. • Other organisms take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide CO 2 (gas) into the air during respiration. • .
Lightning changes nitrogen to mix with rain. l ria cte ba as. me g So ck to ba Animals eat plants which have nitrates In the rain Nitrogen seeps into the ground water falls back to Earth in the form of rain, sleet, ice or snow ns tur n ge ro nit Animal waste or decompose and put nitrogen back into the ground. Some nitrogen is turned into nitrates by bacteria and absorbed by plants
Key concepts: Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen fixing bacteria help change nitrogen into a usable form plants can use. • Bacteria also changes nitrogen gas into ammonia
Water drops in clouds become heavy and fall back to Earth. When water reaches the ground it will run off the land or seep into the ground Water loses heat energy and turns from a gas back to a liquid Water gains heat energy and turns from a liquid to a gas
Water Cycle Key Vocabulary: • Evaporation: When water absorbs enough heat energy it will change from a liquid to a gas • Transpiration: when water is released from plants and animals (organisms) • Condensation: When water vapor cools and turns back to a liquid forming clouds • Precipitation: water falls back to Earth in the form of rain, sleet, ice or snow • Sun: is the major source of energy that drives the water cycle.
Renewable/Non-Renewable resources: are resources that will be around for millions of years. These can be recycled (example water) Wind Nonrenewable resources: are resources that are used up faster than they form on Earth. Coal Solar Oil coal wind Hydropower water Natural Gas Disadvantage of using fossil fuels for energy such as Coal, Oil, Natural Gas. When fossil fuels are burned to make energy CO 2 (gas) is released into the atmosphere. Increased burning of fossil fuels can pollute the atmosphere
How can we reduce the amount of non -renewable sourses used • • Use clean energy (solar power) Carpool Walk Turn of lights, TV etc. , when not in use.
Layers of the Earth • Crust: Thin solid outer layer also called the Lithosphere • Mantle: Molten layer (magma ) • Outer core: liquid iron and nickle • Inner Core: solid iron and nickle
. What is theory of Continental Drift? Theory of continental Drift: The idea that states that continents were once a giant landmass, and broke into pieces that moved to the position they are in today. Evidence: 1. The continents look like they fit together like a giant puzzle 2. Fossil evidence: matching fossils on different continents. 3. Matching Rocks on different continents.
More fossil evidence
Earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains from the movement of crustal plate boundaries.
Weather Daily conditions of the atmosphere. Weather variables: Air pressure Relative humidity Wind temperature
INSOLATION: INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION The sun is the main source of energy for Earth. The transfer of heat and light from the sun is called radiation.
• Air Pressure: The weight of the air in the atmosphere pressing down. • High Pressure – Cooler – – Dry – Associated with clear skies and cooler temperatures. • Low Pressure – Warm – – Humid/moist – Associated with stormy, cloudy, rainy weather.
Relative Humidity(%): Refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. The higher the relative humidity the greater the chance of rain.
Front Symbol Cross section Type of weather associated with this front Cold Front Thunderstorms Lighting Followed by cooler temperature Warm Front Steady rain followed by warmer temperatures
Hurricanes: A large low pressure system that forms over tropical oceans.
Thunderstorms: a storm with heavy rain, thunder and lightning and maybe hail. They form at a cold front/ Damage: caused by Lighting Flooding Strong winds. Hail
Difference between weather and climate • Weather : Day to day changes in the atmosphere • Climate: Average temperature and precipitation over a long period of time.
Climate Factors • Mountains • Latitude • oceans
How do mountains affect climate? cool, moist Windward Side: ______ Leeward Side: _______ warm, dry
The higher your latitude the colder your climate. Or. The closer you are to the equator (0 degrees latitude) the warmer your climate and the closer to the poles (90 degrees latitude) the cloder the climate
How does closeness to a large body of water affect climate? moderates the temperature. Water _____ Cooler Warmer winters. _______ summers. _______
Climate Change • Earths temperatures are warming
Greenhouse effect • Gasses in the atmosphere that trap solar energy causing the earths temperature to rise.
Human activities that add to greenhouse gases to the atmosphere may be warming the Earth’s atmosphere Burning coal, oil (fossil fuels): cars, electricity
Energy
Energy: The ability to do work, or make something happen. Energy allows work to be done. Potential Energy: stored energy. Kinetic Energy: kinetic energy of motion. Anything moving has
Law of conservation of energy: Energy can not be created nor destroyed. Energy never gets lost Energy is transferred from one form to another
Heat to kinetic to electric
Transfer of Heat Conduction, Convection, Radiation Conduction: • Convection: • Radiation: • Transfer of heat by touch. Transfer of heat in a gas or liquid creating convection currents. and light energy transferred through empty space • Transfer of heat through • Or the transfer of heat a solid. caused by density differences. Heat
Transfer of Heat can be by Conduction, Convection, Radiation • Conduction: heat transfer through a substance by direct contact of molecules. • A solid • By touch
Conduction
• Convection: Transfer of heat in a gas or liquid creating convection currents. • Or the transfer of heat caused by density differences.
Convection
• Radiation: Heat and light energy transferred through empty space • No medium is required • Medium is the material that allows heat to transferred through in conduction and convection.
Parts of a transverse wave: Crest: The highest part off a transverse wave Trough: The lowest part of a transverse wave.
Wavelength: The distance from one point of the wave to another point. Crest to crest.
Amplitude of a wave measures the distance of the wave from its’ rest positon.
Parts of a transverse wave: Crest: The highest part off a transverse wave Trough: The lowest part of a transverse wave.
Wavelength: The distance from one point of the wave to another point. Crest to crest.
Amplitude of a wave measures the distance of the wave from its’ rest positon.
Reflection When light bounces off an object.
Refraction Of Light I Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one transparent material to another.
Absorption: When light is taken in and converted into heat.
Astronomy
Revolution: the annual orbit of the earth around the sun. It takes 365 ¼ (one year) days for the earth to complete one revolution around the sun. This causes seasons
Rotation: The spinning of the Earth on it’s Axis. It takes 1 day (24 hours) for Earth to rotate once This causes day and night.
• The earth rotates at the rate of 150 per hour. • For every 150 longitude the time changes by 1 hour. • Time zones to the east are ahead of the those time zones to the west.
Full Moon Phase
Solar Eclipse Details new moon Nort h Pole Sun Moon What is the phase of the moon? New Moon! Sout h Pole
High Tides • High tides are when the water reaches its highest point.
Low Tides • Low tides are when the water reaches its lowest point.
The time between one high tide to the next is about 12 hours and 25 minutes The time low tide and high tide is about 6 hours and 12 minutes. .
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