Science Mission Directorate EarthSun System Division PreLaunch GOESR

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division Pre-Launch GOES-R Risk Reduction Activities For the Geostationary Lightning Mapper National Aeronautics and Space Administration Steven J. Goodman, R. J. Blakeslee, D. J. Boccippio, H. J. Christian, W. J. Koshak, W. A. Petersen NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Earth and Planetary Science Branch Huntsville, Alabama, USA WSN 05 11/29/2020 4 -9 September 2005 Toulouse, France 1 Photo, David Blankenship Guntersville, Alabama

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division Mapping Requirements To System Solutions National Aeronautics and Space Administration Instruments OAR NOS NMFS NMAO NESDI S 11/29/2020 Courtesy of Tim Walsh Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) Solar Imaging Suite (SIS) Clouds GPRD Precipitation Atmospheric Profiles Atmospheric Radiance Atmospheric Winds Land Ocean Coastal Waters & Estuaries Space & Solar MRD Space Env In-Situ Suite (SEISS) GOES Lightning Mapper (GLM) GOES-R System Microwave Sounder/Imager Coronagraph Hyperspectral Imager Solar Irradiance Sensor 2 Potential P 3 I PPI Adv. Baseline Imager (ABI) Aerosols Ecosystems, Weather & Water, Climate, Commerce & Transportation Other Users NWS Requirements Baseline Instruments NOAA Users

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration GLM Applications and Benefits • Predict the onset of tornadoes, hail, microbursts, flash floods; • Track thunderstorms and warn of approaching lightning threats; • Improve airline routing around thunderstorms; improving safety, saving fuel, and reducing delays; TAFs • Provide real-time hazardous weather information, improving the efficiency of emergency management; • NWP/Data Assimilation; • Locate lightning strikes known to cause forest fires and reduce response times; • Multi-sensor precipitation algorithms; • Assess the role of thunderstorms and deep convection in global climate; • Provide a new data source to improve air quality / chemistry forecasts. 11/29/2020 3

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration GLM Formulation Status The GLM is a single channel, visible imager used to measure total lightning activity over the full-disk as part of a 3 -axis stabilized, geostationary weather satellite system • • • RFP Released 26 July 2005 Proposals Received 29 August 2005 Two $2 M Formulation Study Awards January 2006 Downselect to One Implementation Phase Award Coverage Trade Study – Optimum configuration to provide continuous, real-time, simultaneous coverage of the defined full-disk area. – Configuration that would cover a hemisphere, north-to-south or east-to-west and a cost delta vs full-disk – CONUS and surrounding area only and a cost delta vs full-disk 11/29/2020 4

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) NASA Lightning Mapper Concept • TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor Heritage • Dual-Imager Configuration (8 km ifov) GLM on GOES Dual imager configuration 11/29/2020 5

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration LMS Dual Imager (Electronics Above Nadir Deck) 200 mm Power Converters Sunshades 500 mm Video Distribution Data Formatter & Instrument Controller Temp Control Housekeeping 250 mm Lens Assemblies RTEPs CCD Subsystems 37 m 5 m m 11/29/2020 m 00 5 6

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division Instrument Risk Reduction Status National Aeronautics and Space Administration • Six flight-quality optical assemblies complete with narrow-band interference and solar-blocking filters have been delivered to NASA. • CCD’s fabricated, integrated with breadboard drive electronics, and tested at 500 frames/sec satisfying key performance requirements (uniformity, linearity, quantum efficiency, well depth). • Engineering Model of the LMS Sensor Assembly being built. • Engineering Model of the LMS Electronics Assembly being built. • A fully functional Real Time Event Processor (RTEP) has been built, tested, and integrated with a CCD subassembly. Performance exceeds operating speed and S/N requirements. 11/29/2020 7

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Distribution of Lightning 1995 -2003 11/29/2020 8

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Most Intense Electrical Storms on Earth Extreme Lightning Rate Storms Observed by TRMM LIS (Cecil et al. , MWR, 2005) Supercell *Annual number casualties due to lightning Cecil et al. , of Mon. Wea. Rev. , 2005) • US ~ 1000/yr • Deaths ~ 80 -100/yr • Worldwide ~ 25, 000/yr 11/29/2020 *Ron Holle, 2004 9

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division Continuous GEO Total Lightning will identify severe storm potential National Aeronautics and Space Administration Process physics understood GLM GOES E View Ice flux drives lightning Storm-scale model for decision support system Physical basis for improved forecasts Updraft Intensifies IC flash rate controlled by graupel (ice mass) production (and vertical velocity) Vortex Spins-up 11/29/2020 Demonstrated in LEO with OTD & LIS Lightning jump precedes severe weather 10 Lightning improves storm predictability

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Mapping storm initiation, growth, decay TRMM LIS-Lightning: May 1999 Stroud, OK Tornado • TRMM provides us a huge database of paired lightning, radar, IR and passive microwave observations (training, validation) GOES-R GLM Perspective • Over entire tropics & subtropics (generalization) • Total lightning increases as storm intensifies – can increase lead time for warning of severe and tornadic storms 11/29/2020 11

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hurricane Katrina: Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) LIS Background Images read out once per min 4 km ifov @ 777. 4 nm Orbit swath 600 km 24 Aug 05 28 Aug 05 11/29/2020 26 Aug 05 29 Aug 05 12

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division North Alabama Nowcasting Short-term Forecasting Test Bed National Aeronautics and Space Administration 11/29/2020 13

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) Map (10 stations) Tennessee Alabama 10 stations over 65 x 50 km diameter area 11/29/2020 http: //branch. nsstc. nasa. gov/ One hour of real-time data 14

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) • Network of 10 detectors centered about HSV (NMT heritage) • Computes 4 -D location of all electrical discharges (“flashes”) within LMA (CG…and IC, CA) • Flash location overlaid on radar and satellite imagery and updated every minute • Trend information identifies growing/decaying storms • Validation for TRMM LIS – NASA Senior Review to extend mission approved 11/29/2020 15

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division LMA/Radar Flash Animation National Aeronautics and Space Administration 11/29/2020 16

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Total Lightning Impacts Decision Making at HUN Ø Has directly contributed to several correct severe warning decisions at HUN, OHX, and BMX. • “…the LMA density map gives you a great overall view of where storms with intensifying updrafts are located. So it gives you a good map of where to concentrate attention. ” • “I believe the flash density rates were the primary factor in holding off on a warning. ” Ø Data archived by WFO Ø Used in Warning Event Simulator for office training 11/29/2020 17

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration May 6, 2003 Case 0. 5 º SRM 1. 5º SRM Ill-defined Rotational Couplet 0. 5 º Refl 1236 11/29/2020 UTC LMA Source Density 18

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration May 6, 2003 Case 0. 5 º SRM 1. 5º SRM Broad Rotational Couplet 0. 5 º Refl LMA Source Density Lightning Jump 1246 11/29/2020 UTC 19

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration October 18, 2004 Case ØRotating storm near edges of radar coverage ØLMA provided forecaster extra confidence in tornado warning Source Density LMA Source Density vs. Time 11/29/2020 10/18/04 Jump 12 min F 1 20

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Total Lightning Data in AWIPS Science and Technology Risk Reduction Lightning Mapping Array Ø Ground based VHF network (Ch 5@72 MHz) Ø Continuous 3 -D total lightning Ø Domain 400 km x 400 km Ø 17 height levels, 2 km flash density Ø Auto-loads 32 frames of 2 min net. CDF grids LMA 2 -min VIL via SR Frame Relay Scientific Benefits to WFO’s Composite d. BZ NLDN 5 -min Ø Increased Situational Awareness, Confidence Limits Ø Rapid Update- Potential for increased lead time, reduced FAR Ø Identification of intensifying and weakening storms, potential severe storms, microburst wind shears, CG threat area 11/29/2020 Ø Fills gaps in radar coverage AWIPS 4 -panel display at the HUN WFO 21

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lightning Flash Trend for Tornadic Supercells Spatial resampling at 1 km - 8 km 11/29/2020 22

Science Mission Directorate Earth-Sun System Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration Conclusions • The operational demands on the spacecraft and ground systems are well-understood • On-going instrument, science, algorithm, and forecaster benchmarking studies will reduce risk and accelerate the transition from research to on-orbit operations Ø http: //thunder. msfc. nasa. gov (LIS) Ø http: //weather. msfc. nasa. gov (SPo. RT Center, Lightning Workshops) Ø http: //branch. nsstc. nasa. gov (Real-time LIS and North Alabama LMA) Ø http: //osd. goes. noaa. gov (GOES-R Program Office) 11/29/2020 23