Science Fiction Becomes Science Reality Towards Cloaking Devices

Science Fiction Becomes Science Reality: Towards Cloaking Devices Meg Noah 7 May 2007 Solid State Physics

“I was perplexed as to what the usefulness of any of the arts might be, with the exception of interior decoration. The most positive notion I could come up with is what I call the canary-in-the-coal-mine theory of the arts. This theory argues that artists are useful to society because they are so sensitive. They are supersensitive. They keel over like canaries in coal mines filled with poison gas, long before more robust types realize that any danger is there. ” --Kurt Vonnegut, Address to the American Physical Society, 1969.

When he tired of official reports and memoranda and minutes, he Jules Verne – Nautilus 1867 would plug his foolscap-sized Newspad into the ship's information 1875 circuit and scan the latest reports from Earth. One by one he would Rhenium diboride resembles both a metal and a crystal in structure. EE "Doc" Smith - conjure up the world's major electronic papers; he knew the codes of 1965 novel Subspace Explorers - describes a super-strong alloy called "leybyrdite", the more important ones by heart, and had no need to consult the list whose key ingredient is rhenium. on the back of his pad. Switching to the display unit's short-term memory, he would hold the front page while he quickly searched the headlines and noted the items that interested him. Each had its own two-digit reference; when he punched that, the In his 1942 story Waldo, Robert Heinlein postage-stamp-sized rectangle would expand until it neatly filled the writes about Waldo F. Jones, who has myasthenia gravis, a muscle disease. screen and he could read it with comfort. When he had finished, he would flash back to the complete page and select a new subject for detailed examination. From 2001: A Space Odyssey , by Arthur C. Clarke. Published by Del Rey in 1968 1969 – 2001 Space Odyssey HAL reads lips. 1983 James Bond TV Watch

Lilienthal's Glider in Flight "Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible. " Lord Kelvin, president, Royal Society, 1895. "Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value. “ Maréchal Ferdinand Foch, Professor of Strategy, L'École Supérieure de Guerre.

$Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. History of negative index of refraction$

Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. History of negative index of refraction Properties History Channel Movie Experimental Evidence #1 (Microwave) Experimental Evidence #2 -3 -4 (Visible) Experiment #5 Cloaking (Microwave) Future directions and Summary And famous last words…

$ive t a g e N • • • History of Index of Refraction$

ive t a g e N • • • History of Index of Refraction ^ Ptolemy - angle of refraction was proportional to angle of incidence 1621 Snell’s Law 1657 Fermat’s principle of shortest time 1861 Maxwell’s equations of electrodynamics 1870 Helmholtz’s reflection/refraction from Maxwell's eq. using BC’s 1951 Malyuzhinets’ backward media transmission lines "Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value. “ Maréchal Ferdinand Foch, Professor of Strategy, L'École Supérieure de Guerre.

$ive t a g e N History of Index of Refraction ^ 1960 Split$

ive t a g e N History of Index of Refraction ^ 1960 Split Ring (μ<0) • • 1960 Microwave lens wire grid dielectric (ε<0) • 1968 Veselago predicts properties of materials with μ<0 and ε<0 • 1970 beginning with omega shapes and double rings • 2001 Pendry experimental verification of negative index of refraction "They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance. "—Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick, U. S. Army, just before being fatally shot at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, May 9, 1864.

Veselago On NIMs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Phase Velocity Opposite Group Velocity Reversal of Radiation Pressure Negative Refraction Reversed Doppler Effect Reversed Cerenkov Effect Reversal of Optical Refracting Components Flat Lensing Dispersion Requirement "Louis Pasteur's theory of germs is ridiculous fiction. “ - Pierre Pachet, Professor of Physiology (Toulouse) 1872

Phase Velocity Reversed Left-Handed Right-Handed "There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home. " --Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corp. , 1977

Group Velocity "Who the h 311 wants to hear actors talk? “ --H. M. Warner, Warner Brothers, 1927.

Reversal of Radiation Pressure Left-Handed When photons are absorbed, they impart negative momentum and create radiation tension. Right-Handed When photons are absorbed, they impart negative momentum and create radiation pressure. "Drill for oil? You mean drill into the ground to try and find oil? You're crazy. " --Drillers who Edwin L. Drake tried to enlist to his project to drill for oil in 1859.

Left-Handed Right-Handed Doppler Effect Reversed "A guitar’s all right, John, but you’ll never earn your living by it. "—John Lennon's Aunt Mimi

Left-Handed Right-Handed Doppler Effect Reversed "We don't like their sound, and guitar music is on the way out“ -Decca Recording on rejecting the Beatles, 1962.

Veselago’s Negative Index • Dispersion • Isotropic Media • Snell’s Law "No flying machine will ever fly from New York to Paris. "—Orville Wright.

$Reversal of Optical Refracting Components "I think there is a world market for maybe$

Reversal of Optical Refracting Components "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers. "--Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943.

Flat Lensing “This ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device is inherently of no value to us. ” - Western Union internal memo, 1876

Dispersion Requirement • ε and μ cannot both be negative at all frequencies because it would lead to a negative total energy W. "Stocks have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau. "—Irving Fisher, Professor of Economics, Yale University, 1929.

Veselago Summary Physics Nonmagnetic Approximation Exact Formula Snell’s Law, Doppler, Cherenkov Fresnel Formulas Reflection Coefficient (normal incidence) No-reflection condition Brewster Law "The wireless music box has no imaginable commercial value. Who would pay for a message sent to nobody in particular? “ --David Sarnoff’ s associates in response to his urgings for investment in the radio in the 1920’s.

ε < 0 μ ≥ 0 Opaque Permeability Material Taxonomy of εμ Metals like gold Fine wire structures Semiconductors Plasmas ε ≥ 0 μ ≥ 0 Conventional materials Permittivity Opaque ε < 0 μ < 0 Metamaterials Microstructured magnets Split rings ε ≥ 0 μ < 0 "But what. . . is it good for? " --Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of IBM, 1968, commenting on the microchip.

"Forget it, Louis; no Civil War picture ever made a nickel. " — Irving Thalberg's advice to Louis B. Mayer regarding Gone With the Wind

Central Question • How can we create materials with controllable the permittivity and permeability?

Approaches To Materials Metamaterials Create ‘effective’ medium Where structural properties Dominate and yield μeff and εeff Photonic Crystal Nanoscaled Use constructive and destructive interference to engineer properties of light ω(k) (changing neff and meff) band structure band gaps defect states

Permittivity • Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects and is affected by a dielectric medium, and is determined by the ability of a material to polarize in response to the field, and thereby reduce the field inside the material. Thus, permittivity relates to a material's ability to transmit (or "permit") an electric field. (Wiki)

Manipulating Permittivity Metal ωp=1. 37 e 16 Hz g 0=4. 08 e 13 Hz For most metals ωp in optical/UV Crystal – optical band structure Wcv is the product of the Brillouin-zone-average transition probability at the energy E and the joint density of states probability, Jcv(E), and is a broadening function due to scattering.

Manipulating Permittivity

Permeability • Permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that where responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. (Wiki)

Manufacturing Permeability

$Experimental Evidence #1 Negative Index of Refraction at Microwave Wavelengths c (a) and (b)$

Experimental Evidence #1 Negative Index of Refraction at Microwave Wavelengths c (a) and (b) are from: R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 489 (2001). Copyright (2001) American Institute of Physics. Photo ( c) from December 2003 Physics Today is metamaterial used for microwave experiments.

Experimental Evidence #1

Experimental Evidence #1 December 2003 Physics Today.

$Experimental Evidence #2 Negative Index of Refraction at Visible Wavelengths Zhang, Shuang, Wenjun Fan,$

Experimental Evidence #2 Negative Index of Refraction at Visible Wavelengths Zhang, Shuang, Wenjun Fan, Kevin J. Malloy, Steven R. J. Brueck, Nicolae C. Panoiu and Richard M. Osgood, "Demonstration of metal–dielectric negative-index metamaterials with improved performance at optical frequencies, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2006) 434 -438

Experimental Evidence #2 Zhang, Shuang, Wenjun Fan, Kevin J. Malloy, Steven R. J. Brueck, Nicolae C. Panoiu and Richard M. Osgood, "Demonstration of metal–dielectric negative-index metamaterials with improved performance at optical frequencies, " J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 23, No. 3 (2006) 434 -438

Experimental Evidence #3

Experiment #4 - Superlensing

Experimental Evidence #5 Cloaking with Microwaves February 2007 Physics Today.

Experimental Evidence #5 February 2007 Physics Today.

$Summary/Future Directions • Summary – Negative Index of Refraction Confirmed – Lots of Applications$

Summary/Future Directions • Summary – Negative Index of Refraction Confirmed – Lots of Applications • Antennas, Communications, Cloaking • Superlenses, Filters, Superconductors • Challenges – Losses – Scaling for IR/Vis/UV

A Route to Transparency: A "cloak" invented by Susumi Tachi suggests a path to invisibility, or at least an interesting form of camouflage http: //www. ee. duke. edu/~drsmith/cloaking. html