Science and Pseudoscience Critical Thinking Science The scientific
![Science and Pseudoscience Critical Thinking Science and Pseudoscience Critical Thinking](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-1.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-2.jpg)
![Science • The scientific method isn’t a complex, or magical process. It’s actually quite Science • The scientific method isn’t a complex, or magical process. It’s actually quite](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-3.jpg)
![Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination! Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-4.jpg)
![Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination! Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-5.jpg)
![Skepticism • Which line is longer? Skepticism • Which line is longer?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-6.jpg)
![Skepticism • Which block is darker? Skepticism • Which block is darker?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-7.jpg)
![Skepticism • Skepticism is the practice of not taking the world at face-value but, Skepticism • Skepticism is the practice of not taking the world at face-value but,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-8.jpg)
![Cynicism • Skepticism is not cynicism • Cynicism: – Close-minded dismissal of claims that Cynicism • Skepticism is not cynicism • Cynicism: – Close-minded dismissal of claims that](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-9.jpg)
![Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination! Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-10.jpg)
![Critical Thinking • There is a difference between being critical and criticizing • Critical Critical Thinking • There is a difference between being critical and criticizing • Critical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-11.jpg)
![Extraordinary Claims • The more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more Extraordinary Claims • The more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-12.jpg)
![Overtoun Bridge • There is a bridge in Scotland where dogs have been known Overtoun Bridge • There is a bridge in Scotland where dogs have been known](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-13.jpg)
![Falsifiability • Claims must be capable of being disproved. Falsifiability • Claims must be capable of being disproved.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-14.jpg)
![Creationism • Creationism is the belief that the universe is so complex that it Creationism • Creationism is the belief that the universe is so complex that it](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-15.jpg)
![Flying Spaghetti Monsterism • In 2005, the Kansas City school board attempted to integrate Flying Spaghetti Monsterism • In 2005, the Kansas City school board attempted to integrate](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-16.jpg)
![Occam’s Razor • If two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally Occam’s Razor • If two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-17.jpg)
![Occam’s Razor • Which theory is preferable? Clocks work through a series of interlocked Occam’s Razor • Which theory is preferable? Clocks work through a series of interlocked](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-18.jpg)
![Occam’s Razor • Often what will happen in scientific research is not that we Occam’s Razor • Often what will happen in scientific research is not that we](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-19.jpg)
![Overtoun Bridge • The dogs have mostly jumped from one side of the bridge Overtoun Bridge • The dogs have mostly jumped from one side of the bridge](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-20.jpg)
![Replicability • A finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following Replicability • A finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-21.jpg)
![Overtoun Bridge • How could we replicate the mink-hunting theory in a way that Overtoun Bridge • How could we replicate the mink-hunting theory in a way that](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-22.jpg)
![Ruling out Rival Hypotheses • Findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to Ruling out Rival Hypotheses • Findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-23.jpg)
![Overtoun Bridge • Finally, how could we rule out the dog suicide theory? Overtoun Bridge • Finally, how could we rule out the dog suicide theory?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-24.jpg)
- Slides: 24
![Science and Pseudoscience Critical Thinking Science and Pseudoscience Critical Thinking](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-1.jpg)
Science and Pseudoscience Critical Thinking
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-2.jpg)
![Science The scientific method isnt a complex or magical process Its actually quite Science • The scientific method isn’t a complex, or magical process. It’s actually quite](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-3.jpg)
Science • The scientific method isn’t a complex, or magical process. It’s actually quite mundane! • It’s how scientists are trained to think that makes science such a powerful tool
![Science Science relies on Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-4.jpg)
Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!
![Science Science relies on Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-5.jpg)
Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!
![Skepticism Which line is longer Skepticism • Which line is longer?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-6.jpg)
Skepticism • Which line is longer?
![Skepticism Which block is darker Skepticism • Which block is darker?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-7.jpg)
Skepticism • Which block is darker?
![Skepticism Skepticism is the practice of not taking the world at facevalue but Skepticism • Skepticism is the practice of not taking the world at face-value but,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-8.jpg)
Skepticism • Skepticism is the practice of not taking the world at face-value but, instead, considering it in close detail before drawing conclusions
![Cynicism Skepticism is not cynicism Cynicism Closeminded dismissal of claims that Cynicism • Skepticism is not cynicism • Cynicism: – Close-minded dismissal of claims that](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-9.jpg)
Cynicism • Skepticism is not cynicism • Cynicism: – Close-minded dismissal of claims that contradict your beliefs • Skepticism: – Willingness to entertain many possibilities, but only accepting them after seeing persuasive evidence
![Science Science relies on Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-10.jpg)
Science • Science relies on: – – Skepticism Critical Thought The Scientific Method Imagination!
![Critical Thinking There is a difference between being critical and criticizing Critical Critical Thinking • There is a difference between being critical and criticizing • Critical](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-11.jpg)
Critical Thinking • There is a difference between being critical and criticizing • Critical thinking is a style of thinking that focuses on careful investigation of phenomena that are not understood, and conservative adoption of new beliefs • Criticizing (without also providing advice) is just being mean!
![Extraordinary Claims The more a claim contradicts what we already know the more Extraordinary Claims • The more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-12.jpg)
Extraordinary Claims • The more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more persuasive the evidence for the claim must be before we should accept it
![Overtoun Bridge There is a bridge in Scotland where dogs have been known Overtoun Bridge • There is a bridge in Scotland where dogs have been known](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-13.jpg)
Overtoun Bridge • There is a bridge in Scotland where dogs have been known to commit suicide off of • Some dogs, which have failed at committing suicide, have even returned for repeat attempts! Why is this an extraordinary claim?
![Falsifiability Claims must be capable of being disproved Falsifiability • Claims must be capable of being disproved.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-14.jpg)
Falsifiability • Claims must be capable of being disproved.
![Creationism Creationism is the belief that the universe is so complex that it Creationism • Creationism is the belief that the universe is so complex that it](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-15.jpg)
Creationism • Creationism is the belief that the universe is so complex that it could not have been created by mere physical processes, and therefore must have been created by a divine being. Why can this statement not be falsified? Does this mean it is wrong?
![Flying Spaghetti Monsterism In 2005 the Kansas City school board attempted to integrate Flying Spaghetti Monsterism • In 2005, the Kansas City school board attempted to integrate](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-16.jpg)
Flying Spaghetti Monsterism • In 2005, the Kansas City school board attempted to integrate Creationism into science classes • Critics argued that regardless of whether Creationism is true or false, it has no place in science classes because it cannot be falsified • One of the more popularized criticisms was the church of the flying spaghetti monster: – http: //www. venganza. org/about/open-letter/
![Occams Razor If two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well we should generally Occam’s Razor • If two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-17.jpg)
Occam’s Razor • If two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally select the simpler one.
![Occams Razor Which theory is preferable Clocks work through a series of interlocked Occam’s Razor • Which theory is preferable? Clocks work through a series of interlocked](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-18.jpg)
Occam’s Razor • Which theory is preferable? Clocks work through a series of interlocked gears. Does this mean the Unicorn theory is necessarily wrong? Clocks work through a series of interlocked gears pushed by invisible pink unicorns
![Occams Razor Often what will happen in scientific research is not that we Occam’s Razor • Often what will happen in scientific research is not that we](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-19.jpg)
Occam’s Razor • Often what will happen in scientific research is not that we will immediately falsify a theory but, rather, find evidence that supports a more succinct theory
![Overtoun Bridge The dogs have mostly jumped from one side of the bridge Overtoun Bridge • The dogs have mostly jumped from one side of the bridge](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-20.jpg)
Overtoun Bridge • The dogs have mostly jumped from one side of the bridge • Most jumps occurred during clear weather • Most jumpers have been breeds of dogs with long snouts • A colony of minks were found living in the foliage under Overtoun Bridge According to Occam’s Razor, which theory should we prefer? The dog suicide theory, or the mink-hunting theory? Why?
![Replicability A finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following Replicability • A finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-21.jpg)
Replicability • A finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following the same “recipe”.
![Overtoun Bridge How could we replicate the minkhunting theory in a way that Overtoun Bridge • How could we replicate the mink-hunting theory in a way that](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-22.jpg)
Overtoun Bridge • How could we replicate the mink-hunting theory in a way that would not kill any more dogs?
![Ruling out Rival Hypotheses Findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to Ruling out Rival Hypotheses • Findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-23.jpg)
Ruling out Rival Hypotheses • Findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to eliminate these hypotheses
![Overtoun Bridge Finally how could we rule out the dog suicide theory Overtoun Bridge • Finally, how could we rule out the dog suicide theory?](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/3ac8e088fe050fb67cd9a02e42966b09/image-24.jpg)
Overtoun Bridge • Finally, how could we rule out the dog suicide theory?
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