Science and Christian Apologetics JOHN OAKES Ph D

Science and Christian Apologetics JOHN OAKES, Ph. D

Our Outline n n n Science and Religion: The Limits of Science The History of Science and Christianity The “Christian” Response The Age of the Universe and the Age of the Earth Genesis 1 and Creation The Flood Evolution The Anthropic Principle: Evidence for Design Scientific Materialism/Scientism/Naturalism Science and the Bible (other than creation and the flood) Science and Other Religions

Suggested Reading n Is There a God By John Oakes Darwin's Black Box by Michael J. Behe Nature's Destiny by Michael J. Denton, (The Free Press, 1998) The Science of God, by Gerald L. Schroeder (Broadway Books, 1997) The Privileged Planet, by Guillermo Gonzalez (Regnery Publ. , 2004) The Language of God, by Francis S. Collins (Free Press, 2006) Coming to Peace With Science, by Darrel R. Falk (Inter. Varsity Press, 2004) Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology by William A Dembski and Michael J. Behe The Source by John Clayton The Fingerprint of God, by Hugh Ross, Ph. D (Whitaker House, 2000) None of These Diseases, by S. I Mc. Millan, M. D. (Revell, 1984) Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, by Michael Denton Finding Darwin's God, by Kenneth Miller (Harper Collins, 1999)

n n n Science and religion Science and Religion

Science and Religion n What is Religion? n What is Science?

Science The use of experiment to test theories about the laws of nature.

Science Scientific knowledge is a relationship between observations n Scientific knowledge is quantitative n The observations are subject to refinement n Scientific knowledge is progressive and tentative n Scientific knowledge is neither true nor false, but rather consistent with the observations and consistent with prior knowledge n

Religion is a belief in something n The belief is not necessarily substantiated by physical or material evidence n Religious knowledge obtained through holy writings, authority, revelations and religious experiences n Religious believers have faith or trust in such knowledge n

Religion Religious knowledge is qualitative not quantitative. n Religious knowledge is not gotten through measurement n In religion knowledge is taken as either true or false. n Religious knowledge is neither progressive, nor tentative. n

Questions Science Can Answer When? n What? n Where? n How many? n By what means? n

Questions Science Cannot Answer: (That Religion Does Answer) Why am I here? n Is that the right thing to do? n How valuable am I? n Does God exist? Does God act (theism)? n Will that God respond if I pray? n Do supernatural events (miracles) happen? n

n A statement a scientist should not make (if he or she is well trained and is not manipulating you): n n Evolution is true. The Big Bang happened. n Better statements: n The theory of evolution is by far the best model we have to explain both the fossil evidence and the genetic evidence with regard to the origin of all species. The Big Bang model is in dramatic agreement will all known facts about the origin and history of the universe. n n Science seeks consistency, not “truth. ” What is the simplest and most consistent explanation of the observation.

Assumptions of Science n There exists a single, unchanging set of laws which govern all events in the physical universe. n Human beings are able to understand the workings of the physical universe. n The laws which govern the universe are describable by mathematics.

Basic Assumptions of Science n Assumptions are accepted without proof n Form the basis of all scientific thinking n In other words, the basic assumptions of science are accepted on faith.

Predictions Based on Christian Theology: 1. The universe will follow a single, unchanging set of laws. 2. The universe will be understandable to human beings. 3. The universe will be describable by mathematics.

Conclusions about Science and Religion n Religion and science ask different kinds of questions and define words differently n Religion and science appear as if they were two incommensurate paradigms addressing the identical information area n Are they “Non-Overlapping Magisteria? (NOMA) as Stephen Jay Gould suggests? No! They inform one another to some extent.

Unanswered questions which seem to relate to science n Consciousness (what is consciousness and why are we conscious? ) n Origins of life n Origin of the universe. Why is there anything (as opposed to nothing) n Why is this a Goldilocks Universe?

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) “The Bible was written to tell us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go” “In discussions of physical problems we ought to begin not from the authority of scriptural passages, but from the sense-experiences and necessary demonstrations. ”

Galileo on Revelation n “For the Holy Bible and the phenomena of nature proceed alike from the divine Word, the former as the dictate of the Holy Spirit and the latter as the observant executor of God’s commands. ” (the debate over this view rages even today) n Is there such a thing as Natural Revelation/General Revelation? (as opposed to special revelation) In other words, can we gather genuine knowledge of God from looking at his creation?

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727) “The Mechanical Universe” Is God the primary mover? Leibniz….

The Enlightenment: The rise of Deism and skepticism Voltaire (1694 -1778) Creator of Modern Religious Skepticism

La. Place (1749 -1827) About God: “I have no need of that hypothesis”

“It is mere rubbish to think at this point of the origin of life. One might as well think of the origin of matter. ” Charles Darwin

The Conservative Christian Reaction Scopes “monkey trial” 1925 Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

1940’s and afterward: Creationism Movement Very Bad Science!

Intelligent Design: An Improvement? n Irreducible Complexity Does this “disprove evolution? ” n Beware of “God of the Gaps” arguments. n Is ID “scientific”? Do they do experiments? Are their conclusions refutable by an experiment? n The Anthropic Principle n A possible explanation for “why” the laws of the universe are what they are. n The laws of the universe are what they are so that we (ie human beings) can exist.

A Christian Response n n n n Remember Galileo vs Roman Curia Remember Augustine vs Faustus (Manichaeism) Remember that science and religion are incommensurate The Bible and science do NOT contradict one another! Do not overreact 1 Peter 3: 15, 16 Do not be defensive 1 Peter 2: 23 Remember, science is your friend: materialism/naturalism is the “enemy” Be confident. The universe was created, life was created and Jesus upholds all creation (Coll 1: 15 -17)

Can Science and Religion peacefully coexist? n The Language of God

Reasons Collins believes in God 1. There is something instead of nothing. 2. The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics. 3. The Big Bang. 4. Nature does not solve the problem of why. 5. The existence of time. 6. Fine tuning of the universe. The “Goldilocks Paradox. ” 7. Ockham’s Razor. 8. The existence of moral law.

The Age of the Universe and the Age of the Earth Bishop Ussher 1640: The universe was created on Sunday October 23, 4004 BC

Cosmic Speedometer n When a galaxy is receding, light waves travelling to us are redshifted n Hubble measured the spectrum of these galaxies and found the spectral lines to be red-shifted n The faster the recession, the greater the red-shift

Galaxies: islands of stars making up the universe

Hubble constant graph: Distance vs. speed of regression

Expansion of the Universe … ‘winding’ backwards, the universe must have had a beginning

Image of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation From COBE satellite red = slightly warmer The “smoking gun” of the Big Bang

Tests of the Big Bang Theory n Expansion of the universe n Cosmic microwave background n Relative abundances of hydrogen, deuterium, helium and lithium

Obtaining the Age of the Universe n Extrapolate the current expansion rate (Hubble constant) back to the Big Bang n n Look for the oldest stars (in globular clusters) n n 13. 5 billion years 13. 0 billion years old Best current estimate is 13. 4 ± 1. 6 billion years M 10 Globular Cluster

How Old is the Earth? n James Hutton, 1787 Uniformitarianism “No vestige of a beginning, no concept of an end. ”

William Smith 1769 -1839

Index fossils give the relative age of a rock

Radiometric Dating Techniques mother/daughter isotope pair half-life U 238 → Pb 206 4. 5 billion years U 235 → Pb 207 704 million years K 40 → Ar 40 1. 25 billion years Th 232 → Pb 208 14. 8 billion years

Genesis Chapter One: Creation n n Young Earth Theory n Earth is young and science supports this conclusion. n Earth is young because God created it “with an appearance of age. ” Day/Age Theory Gap Theory n A huge “gap” of time between Genesis 1: 1 and 1: 2 It’s all just a myth Each view has its problems

A Quick Summary of Genesis One: a. God pre-existed the universe b. God created the universe: “Let there be light” c. God created the earth d. God created life e. Last of all, God created mankind

A More Detailed Summary of Genesis One From the Viewpoint of an Observer on the Earth: a. The earth created and is spinning: night and day. Day 1 b. Water covers earth, Very thick atmosphere forms. Day 2 c. The earth cools, land appears out of the water. Day 3 d. Life appears on the earth. Day 3 e. (Photosynthetic life dramatically changes the chemistry of the atmosphere from reducing to oxidizing. ) f. Finally, the heavenly objects appeared in the sky Day 4 g. More advanced life forms; first in the water, later on the land Day 5 h. Even more advanced life forms. Last of all human beings Day 6 Where is the scientific error in this?

Is Genesis 1: 1 a Myth? n Yes! It is a true myth. n A myth is a simplified story, given to explain the gods (or God) to common people.

Creation Myths n Babylonian Creation Myth n n Egyptian Creation Myth n n Primeval ocean “Nun” from which arrises a Primeval hill. Greek Creation Myth n n Primeval swamp. Marduk kills Tiamat. Blood + mud = humans Prometheus and Epimetheus form clay molds. Earth supported by Atlas. Iroquois Creation Myth n Enigorio and Enigohahetgea: Good and evil brothers battle Genesis One is an obvious exception to this pattern

Babylonian Creation Myth: Marduk kills Tiamat

Egyptian Creation Myth

Iroquois Creation Myth: Enigorio and Enigohahetgea Battling the Ronnongwetowanca (Stone Giants)

Is the Metaphorical Day a Reasonable Interpretation? Pre-Science Theologians Who Said Yes. n Philo 1 st century n Origen early 3 rd century n Augustine early 5 th century n Thomas Aquinas 13 th century

Translations of yom in the Old Testament (NIV) n n n n 1181 times as “day” (but with several different connotations of the word, some not being literal) n Isaiah 4: 2 In that day the Branch of the Lord will be beautiful… 67 times as “time” 30 times as “today” 18 times as “forever” 10 times as “continuously” 6 times as “age” 4 times as “life” 2 times as “perpetually”

The Flood: Genesis 6 -8

Explanations of the Flood n Just an unfounded myth. n Worldwide flood. n n n With a “scientific” explanation A unique and completely miraculous event Local flood

Did all this happen in a single, cataclysmic flood?

Can an opening of “the fountains of the deep” explain the flood?

Ancient Cultures With Flood Stories n n n n Hindus Burma (Myanmar) New Guinea Aborigines of Australia New Zealand Iroquoi Incas Aztecs Greeks Babylonians Sumerians Celts Hottentots (Southern Africa)

Common Elements n 1. The flood a judgment. n 2. Massive or world wide in effect. 3. Some humans saved from this flood and repopulate the earth. n

The Bible and the Flood n New Testament writers clearly believe this was a historical event. Matthew 24: 38 -39 n It happened as judgment for sin 2 Peter 3: 6 -7 n It is a prefigure of final judgment n It is a miracle, not a “natural” event—like the fire which will destroy the world n Belief in the flood based chiefly on faith in the Bible, certainly not on science.

Evolution and the Bible n What does the Bible say? n What does the physical evidence say? n n Fossil evidence Genetic/DNA evidence Is there “Irreducible Complexity? ” Human evolution?

Finches discovered And drawn by Charles Darwin Evidence of Evolution?

Evolution of whales over time?

Fossil evidence for elephant evolution

But………. . n The Cambrian Explosion n “Punctuated Equilibrium? ” n Theistic Evolution

Fossils from creatures which appeared in the “Cambrian Explosion”

Life in the Cambrian

Human chromosome #2 and Great Ape chromosome #2 a, 2 b: evidence for common descent.

More Genetic Evidence for Common Descent n Pseudogenes n Vitamin C Pseudogene in great apes and humans n Retroposons, SINEs (short interspersed elements), etc. n Virus insertions

table 1 Chimpanzee Gene sequence that codes for protein Random DNA segment between genes 100% 98% Dog 99% 52% Mouse 99% 40% Chicken 75% 4% Fruitfly 60% ~0% Roundworm 35% ~0% Typical random point mutation rates are about 1 x 10 -5 – 1 x 10 -7 mutations/generation. 5 million years = 250, 000 generations. Sufficient for random mutations to explain the change without the intervention of a guiding hand?

Some Tentative Conclusions n Evolution has happened. Microevolution has been observed. n Fossil evidence strongly supports the idea of change over time, but that change often happens in surprisingly sudden bursts. The Cambrian explosion raises real questions. n Genetic evidence gives rather strong support to the idea of common descent. n Like it or not, this is true of humans as well. n Statistical and other arguments give support for evolution being theistic, rather than deistic, but this is not a scientific argument. n God invented evolution; let us give him credit for a great idea.

The Teleological Argument Evidence for Design in Nature The Anthropic Principle Boeing 747 Design or Accident?

The Anthropic Principle n The laws of nature are what they are and the fundamental constants which underlie them have the values they have by design; in order that advanced life forms, such as humans, can exist in the universe. Aristotle → Copernicus → Herschel → Hubble Aristotle? Is the “universe” getting smaller again?

Thomas Huxley, Darwin’s “bulldog” “We are as much the product of blind forces as is the falling of a stone to earth, or the ebb and flow of the tides. We have just happened, and man was made flesh by a series of singularly beneficial accidents. ”

Richard Dawkins n In the universe of blind physical forces and genetic replication, some people are going to get hurt and other people are going to get lucky: and you won’t find any rhyme or reason to it, nor any justice. The universe we observe has precisely the properties we should expect if there is at the bottom, no design, no purpose, no evil and no good. Nothing but blind, pitiless indifference. DNA neither knows nor cares. DNA just is, and we dance to its music.

Accident or Design? The Anthropic Principle William Paley

Antony Flew Considers God. . . Sort Of
 n Flew is increasingly persuaded that some sort of Deity brought about this universe. He says he has in mind something like the God of Aristotle, a distant, impersonal "prime mover. " It might not even be conscious, but a mere force. In formal terms, he regards the existence of this minimal God as a hypothesis that, at present, is perhaps the best explanation for why a universe exists that can produce complex life

Physics: The Finely Tuned Universe

Fine Tuning of the Gravitational Constant . 0000000000000000000001

Gravity Dominant force on astronomical size scale. n Need very close balance of gravity and cosmic expansion for stable universe. n If gravity weaker by 1 in 1060, universe expands too quickly, no galaxies or stars. n If gravity stronger by 1 in 1060, universe collapses without forming galaxies or stars. n n Gravity is fine-tuned to 1 part in 1060.

Fine Tuning of the Universe Constant 1. Gravitational constant 2. Ratio of electrons to protons 3. Strong Nuclear Force 4. Weak Nuclear Force 5. Electric Force 6. Expansion rate of universe 7. Ratio of matter to antimatter and many more…. A Little Bigger A Little Smaller very short-lived stars no stars or galaxies no hydrogen, fusion only hydrogen all H 2 He at big bang no heavy elements no chemical bonding no galaxies universe collapses quickly too much radiation for life not enough matter for galaxies to form

The Strong Force Holds nucleus together. n 5% weaker, no deuterium, stars won’t burn n 5% stronger, diproton stable, stars explode n The strong force is tuned to ± 5% on the basis of these considerations alone. n

The Weak Force Holds neutron together. n Few % weaker, few neutrons, little He, few heavy elements; even these stay trapped in stars. n Few % stronger, too many neutrons, too much He, too many heavy elements; but these, too, stay trapped in stars. n The weak force is tuned to a few percent. n

Summary on Fine-Tuning n n n Combining these cases gives fine-tuning of better than one part in 10100. Do we really have any evidence for 10100 universes to make this likely merely by chance? How big is 10100? n n n There are estimated to be some 1080 elementary particles in our universe. So we need to 1020 universes to get 10100 particles. Imagine the chances of randomly picking one marked particle from all these universes!

A finely-tuned instrument built by humans. Good to one part in a billion?

Fred Hoyle on Fine-Tuning “… a super-intellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology. ”

Spiral The Right Kind of Galaxy Irregular Eliptical

The Right Galaxy Our galaxy is a spiral, which produces stars over much of its history. n Not an elliptical, where star formation ends before there are many heavy elements. n Not an irregular, where radiation events would have destroyed life. n

The Right Sun: Location n Right distance from center of galaxy: n n n Right relation to supernovae: n n n Closer – too much radiation, disruptive gravity Further – too few heavy elements More or closer – exterminate life Less or further – too few heavy elements Right number of stars in system n n Zero – pretty cold! Two or more – unstable orbits if planets at all.

The Right Kind of Star The Goldilocks Star

The Right Sun: Character n Mass in right range: Heavier – luminosity changes too quickly n Lighter – life zone too narrow, tidal forces too large n n Temperature (color) in right range: Redder – insufficient photosynthesis n Bluer – insufficient photosynthesis n n The Sun’s main radiation is right in the region where our atmosphere is transparent.

The Right Kind of Planet Right distance Rocky planet with plenty of oxygen and water Thin, light planetary “crust” (allowing for plate tectonics) Huge moon for stable planetary rotation Tilted axis to spread energy around

The Right Planet: Temperature n Varies substantially on Earth, but: Only a few spots above boiling n Some below freezing n Contrast Venus, about 900 o. F (500 o. C). n Contrast Mars, barely above freezing in midsummer at the equator. n Earth is warm enough for water to be liquid, cool enough not to destroy biomolecules. n

The Right Moon: Size & Distance Our Moon is unique in the Solar System, one of the largest, and by far the largest compared with its planet. n If it were smaller (or further away), Earth’s climate would be unstable, and tides too small for mixing. n If it were larger (or closer), tidal effects on Earth’s rotation, ocean & atmosphere too large. n

The Right Moon & Earth’s Crust If Earth’s crust thicker, it would eat up the atmospheric oxygen. n If Earth’s crust thinner, too much volcanism and plate movement. n The Moon apparently formed from the Earth’s crust, when we were struck by a Mars-sized planet, a very flukey event! n

Water 1. Ideal solvent to support life (dissolves ions and molecules 2. Right boiling and melting points 3. High specific heat 4. Solid floats on liquid 5. Contracts from 0 to 4 degrees centigrade

Designed Elements?

Carbon: The Central Element of Life 3 -D molecules Large, complex yet flexible molecules

Iron: an essential element

The Ozone Layer: Is oxygen a designed element?

No uranium, no plate tectonics

DNA a) b)

Protein

Simplest life form: break it down • E. coli: about 1 trillion bits of information. • E. coli have 3000 -4000 different proteins. • DNA and RNA to make and be made by these proteins. • Lipids (membrane), Carbohydrates, etc. • The simplest living cell is an unimaginably complex self-regulating nano factory

Fred Hoyle on Living Things “The chance that higher life forms might have emerged [by chance] is comparable with the chance that a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials therein. ”

Nature creates order, but not information

A House of Cards: Order and Information. A much better analogy for living things.

Is prayer simply chemicals moving around in the brain? If “God is love, ” then is God just the firing of particular neurons?

What you see depends on your “world view. ” n The Christian world view predicts that a human brain will be designed so that those made in God’s image can experience love, joy, anger, compassion, spirituality, jealousy, empathy, oneness and other feelings, some of which have an extremely dubious evolutionary advantage.

Conclusion: “Since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. ” Romans 1: 20 Did we “just happen? ”

Science and the Bible Delos B. Mc. Kown: “Christianity is scientifically unsupported and probably insupportable, philosophically suspect at best and disreputable at worst, and historically fraudulent. ”

Papyrus Ebers

The Ebers Papyrus: “To prevent hair from turning gray, anoint it with the blood of a calf which has been boiled in oil or with the fat of a rattlesnake. ” “A mixture of six fats, namely those of the horse, the hippopotamus, the crocodile, the cat, the snake and the ibex. . to prevent hair loss. ”

Drugs of Choice in Papyrus Ebers: • • • Lizards blood Swine’s teeth Putrid meat Moisture from Pigs’ ears Excreta from animals including human beings, donkeys, antelope, dogs, cats and flies

“I will not bring on you any of these diseases. . . ” Exodus 15: 26 “The pig. . . is unclean for you. . . those that walk on their paws. . . the weasel, the rat. . . are unclean for you. ” Leviticus 11

“The sting of a hornet is healed by the house-fly, crushed and applied to the wound. ” “The gnat, feeble creature, taking in food but never secreting it is a specific against the poison of the viper. ” An ancient Hebrew medical manuscript.

“Whoever touches the dead body of anyone will be unclean for seven days. He must purify himself with the water on the third and seventh day. . . take some hyssop, dip it in the water and sprinkle the tent and furnishings and the people who were there. ” Numbers 19

Semelweiss

Death Rate falls from 18% to 0. 5%

Vienna, 1847 • In maternity wards one out of every six women dies. • Obstetricians ascribe deaths to constipation, fear and poisonous air.

Thymol

Leviticus 13: 46 “As long as he has the infection he remains unclean. He must live alone; he must live outside the camp. ” Quarantine for infectious disease

LEPROSY • Killed millions of people in Europe and around the world for thousands of years. • “Fear of all other diseases taken together can hardly be compared to the terror spread by leprosy. ” —Dr. George Rosen

Leprosy

MEDICAL COMMUNITY HAD NO ANSWERS They taught that it was brought on by eating hot food, pepper, garlic and the meat of diseased hogs. Other physicians said it was caused by a malign conjunction of the planets. Leviticus 13: 46 “As long as he has the infection he remains unclean. He must live alone; he must live outside the camp. ”

The life is in the blood Leviticus 17: 14 “… the life of every creature is in its blood. That is why I have said to the Israelites, ‘You must not eat the blood of any creature, because the life of every creature is its blood; anyone who eats it must be cut off. ’ ”

Bloodletting The most common medical practice in 1700 s and 1800 s

Bloodletting Instruments from 1800 s 1693). George Tiemann & Co. American armamentarium

“For the generations to come, every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised. . . ” Genesis 17: 12 Vitamin K Prothrombrin: a clotting protein.

Clotting Protein Peaks on Day Eight Available Prothrombin

Abraham’s Experiment Day Circumcised Number of Hebrew Boys Number of Deaths 1 823 4 3 759 6 5 693 8 7 855 3 9 770 2 11 698 4

The Bible and Cosmology “The flood was produced by a union of the male waters, which are above the firmament, and the female waters issuing from the earth. The upper waters rushed through the space left when God removed two stars out of the constellation Pleaides. Afterward, to put a stop to the flood, God had to transfer two stars from the constellation of the Bear to the constellation of the Pleaides. That is why the Bear runs after the Pleaides. She wants her children back, but they will be restored to her only in the future world. ” —A Jewish manuscript of New Testament times.

“He spreads out the northern skies over empty space; He suspends the earth over nothing” Job 26: 8 The water cycle. . . Job 36: 27, Amos 5: 8

Science and World Religions n Is this (the seemingly unexplainable scientific wisdom of the Old Testament) the exception or the rule? n What is the cosmology/view of the natural world of other major world religions?

Cosmology and World Religions

Hinduism and Time n n Time is cyclic. There is a “wheel of time. ” World is cyclically created by Brahma, sustained by Vishnu and destroyed by Shiva. Creative/destructive cycles called Yugas A universe lasts for one Brahma day = 4, 320, 000 years n n Satya yuga (Krita yuga): - 1, 728, 000 Human years (already past) Treta yuga: - 1, 296, 000 Human years (already past) Dwapar yuga: - 864, 000 Human years (already past) Kali yuga: - 432, 000 Human years (5, 110 years have passed; 426, 890 years remain). Kaliyuga started in 3, 102 B. C. ; CE 2008 corresponds to Kaliyuga year 5, 110

Hindism and Time (cont) n One full cycle = 100 “Brahma years” 311 trillion years. n Then Brahma himself dies and is reborn

Hindu Cosmology n n Many different levels of heavens/worlds/hells These levels are horizontal (flat) The physical world is illusory and it is evil Lower levels are even more evil than ours

Angkor Wat: Mount Meru

Popular Hindu Cosmology The earth is on the back of four elephants standing on top of a turtle, encircled by a serpent, swimming in a sea of milk… The Sutras The physical world is an illusion maya.

Hindu Cosmology

Jaina Cosmology n n The Svastika a symbol of samsara (rebirth) n n n The universe has existed forever. A cyclic wheel of time. Utsarpini: A period of progressive happiness and purity. Time spans ages and sizes of people get much larger. Avsarpini: A period of progressive sorrow and immorality. Time spans, ages and sizes of people get much smaller. Great teachers in the past lived for millions or billions of years and were thousands of meters tall. In the future, people will be even less religious, smaller and live shorter time. An extremely complicated cosmology with multiple levels of worlds/heavens.

Buddhist Cosmology n Like Jaina, Hinduism, a vertical cosmology, with multiple levels/earths/heavens/lokahs n 31 planes of existence, each with 3 realms. n Higher ones more blissful, lower ones more like hell. n Endless cycle of time Cosmic wheel.

Buddhist Cosmology

Borodbur in Indonesia: A Buddhist concept of the world

Questions: Can we take the Eastern ideas about cosmology seriously in the context of modern science? How does this compare to biblical cosmology and ideas about creation?

Islamic Cosmology n The cosmology of Islam is not unlike that of the Bible, except that it takes incorrect popular ideas more literally. n The main difference is that the Qur’an is not inspired, so the statements contained in the Muslim scripture has rather obvious scientific problems.

Scientific Errors in the Qur’an 23: 14—Creation from the clot of blood “Then we made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then from that clot we made a lump; and we made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh. ” 18: 86—Traveling west… “… till, when he reached the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring. ”

Scientific errors in Qur’an (II) 21: 33—Sun and stars orbit the earth 41: 12 7 --“heavens”, stars, comets in “lowest heaven 34: 9, 52: 44—Piece of sky falls and kills someone 36: 4, 23: 14 --Man deposits child into the mother