SCIENCE 10 PHYSICS GENERAL SKILLS KNOW YOUR UNITS

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS GENERAL SKILLS: -KNOW YOUR UNITS and VARIABLES. -distance (d) = metres (m), kilometres (km), etc. -time (t) = seconds (s), hours (h), etc. -velocity (speed) (v) = m, km D = change in. ie) Dv = v 2 – v 1 s h -acceleration (a) = m/s 2, km/h 2 -Force (F) = Newtons (N) = kg • m/s 2 -Work (W) = Joules (J) = kg • m 2/s 2 -Potential Energy (EP) = Joules (J) -Kinetic Energy (EK) = Joules (J) -Mechanical Energy (Em) = Joules (J)

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS GENERAL SKILLS: -KNOW HOW TO REARRANGE FORMULAS: -ie. v = Dd/Dt Dd = v • Dt Dt = Dd/v F = ma m = F/a a = F/m -KNOW YOUR UNIT PREFIXES. - ie. kilo, milli, centi -KNOW ABOUT SCIENTIFIC NOTATION. -ie. 3. 4 x 104 = 34000 -KNOW HOW TO USE YOUR CALCULATOR -ie. How to put in Sci. Notation (EE button), order of operations, etc. -BE AWARE OF SIGNIFICANT DIGITS. -ie. DON’T ROUND UNTIL THE END OF CALCULATIONS

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS GENERAL SKILLS: - KNOW ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD. - PROBLEM -HYPOTHESIS -MATERIALS -PROCEDURE -OBSERVATIONS -CONCLUSIONS - KNOW ABOUT VARIABLES. - MANIPULATED (INDEPENDENT) - RESPONDING (DEPENDENT) - FIXED (CONTROLLED)(CONSTANTS) - WHAT IS A CONTROL IN AN EXPERIMENT?

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS GENERAL SKILLS: -KNOW HOW TO GRAPH. - BAR OR LINE? , -TITLE, -LABEL AXES WITH UNITS INDICATED IN BRACKETS, - PROPER & EQUAL SCALE OF NUMBERS ON AXES - POINTS PLOTTED ACCURATELY - LINE OF BEST FIT (IF APPLICABLE) - LEGEND (IF REQUIRED)

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS GENERAL SKILLS: -KNOW HOW TO READ A GRAPH. - CALCULATE SLOPE, RISING? , FALLING? , HORIZONTAL? , SLOPE REPRESENTS? , AREA? d d t Graph 1 d t Graph 2 d t Graph 3 t Graph 4

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS -KNOW HOW TO USE THE PHYSICS FORMULAS: v = Dd/Dt = d 2 – d 1 t 2 – t 1 a = Dv/Dt = v 2 – v 1 t 2 – t 1 F = ma = m • v/t W = Fd = mad = m • v/t • d EP = mgh Ek = ½ mv 2 Em = E p + E k Efficiency = Useful work out x 100 Energy in

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS -DISTANCE vs. TIME GRAPHS (making, reading, slope): WHAT IS THE SLOPE OF THE RED LINE? 0 m/s = no movement WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PURPLE, GREEN, AND BLUE? BLUE = FAST; PURPLE = SLOW WHAT DOES THE ORANGE LINE SHOW? MOVEMENT TOWARD YOU WHAT DOES THE PINK LINE SHOW? ACCELERATION

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS -SCALAR vs. VECTOR QUANTITIES: SCALAR – ONLY “HOW MUCH” (MAGNITUDE) ie. DISTANCE (4 m), SPEED (10 m/s) VECTOR –MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION ie. DISPLACEMENT (4 m [N]), VELOCITY (10 m/s [E])

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS -VELOCITY vs. TIME GRAPHS (making, reading, slope, area): WHAT IS THE SLOPE OF THE RED LINE? 0 m/s 2 = constant speed WHAT DOES THE PURPLE LINE SHOW? Changing speed = acceleration WHAT DOES THE ORANGE LINE SHOW? Changing speed = deceleration WHAT IS THE AREA UNDER THE RED LINE? AREA = lw = vt = distance (m)

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS - FORCE: USE FORMULA, KNOW UNITS, EXAMPLES FORCE = MASS (kg) x ACCELERATION (m/s 2) kg • m/s 2 = Newtons (N) BIGGER (MORE MASSIVE) THINGS APPLY MORE FORCE. FASTER ACCELERATION REQUIRES MORE FORCE OF GRAVITY = MASS (kg) x ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY (m/s 2) = MASS (kg) x 9. 81 m/s 2 (on Earth)

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS - WORK: USE FORMULA, KNOW UNITS, EXAMPLES WORK = FORCE (N) x DISTANCE (m) N • m = kg • m 2/s 2 = JOULES (J) => UNIT OF ENERGY RULES: 1) THERE MUST BE MOVEMENT 2) THERE MUST BE FORCE APPLIED 3) FORCE AND DISTANCE MOVED MUST BE IN THE SAME DIRECTION. THE CHANGE IN ENERGY IS EQUAL TO THE WORK DONE DE = W

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS FORMS OF ENERGY CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, NUCLEAR, SOLAR, MOTION, HEAT GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY EP = mgh m = mass (kg); g = acceleration of gravity (9. 81 m/s 2); h = height above ground (m) WEIGHT (W) = mg = the FORCE of gravity pulling on you ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY CAN BE CALCULATED BY THE WORK PUT INTO STRETCHING THE ELASTIC (WORK = FORCE x DISTANCE)

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS FORMS OF ENERGY Ek = ½ mv 2 KINETIC ENERGY m = mass (kg); v = velocity (m/s) SPEED HAS A GREATER EFFECT ON AMOUNT OF KINETIC ENERGY THAN DOES MASS (BECAUSE IT IS SQUARED). KINETIC ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED TO POTENTIAL ENERGY AND VISA VERSA. ie. IF SHOOTING AN ARROW STRAIGHT UP: EP (AT TOP) = Ek (AT BOTTOM)

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS FORMS OF ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY Em = Ep + Ek = mgh + ½ mv 2 OBJECTS (ie. A THROWN BALL) MAY HAVE BOTH MOVEMENT AND HEIGHT (POTENTIAL ENERGY) AT THE SAME TIME. TOTAL ENERGY IS ALWAYS CONSERVED. THIS IS THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS). OPEN, CLOSED, AND ISOLATED SYSTEMS: OPEN = EXCHANGE MATTER AND ENERGY CLOSED = EXHANGE ENERGY; NOT MATTER ISOLATED = DON’T EXCHANGE EITHER

SCIENCE 10 - PHYSICS FORMS OF ENERGY THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: HEAT MOVES FROM HOT TO COLD THINGS. EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY (WORK) OUT TOTAL ENERGY (WORK) IN MACHINES AND SYSTEMS CAN NEVER BE AT OR OVER 100% EFFICIENT. SOME ENERGY IS ALWAYS LOST AS HEAT ENERGY (NOT USEFUL).