Schindlers List By Thomas Keneally Swastika Is the

Schindler's List By: Thomas Keneally

Swastika Is the swastika good or evil?

Introduction Recreates the true story of Oskar Schindler, the German industrialist who risked his life to save over 1100 of his Jewish factory workers from the death camps in Nazi-occupied Poland “Documentary novel” Based on the recollections of the Schindlerjuden (Schindler's Jews), Schindler himself, and other witnesses Told in a series of snapshot stories, with some historical commentary by Keneally

Recounts the lives of the flamboyant profiteer and womanizer Schindler; Schindler's longsuffering wife, Emilie; the brutal SS (Nazi secret police) commandant Amon Goeth; Schinder's quietly courageous factory manager, Itzhak Stern; and dozens of other Jews who underwent the horrors of Nazi machinery Center of the story: actions and ambitions of Schindler

It is the story of Schindler's unlikely heroism and of one man's attempt to do good in the midst of outrageous evil Explores the complex nature of virtue, the importance of individual human life, the role of witnesses to the Holocaust, and the attention to rules and details that sustained the Nazi system of terror “Schindler's Ark”

Main Characters Oskar Schindler (protagonist) Emilie Schindler Hans Schindler Amon Goeth (antagonist) Itzhak Stern Leopold Pfefferberg Schindlerjuden Helen Hirsch Genia

Conflicts External – as he attempts to save Jewish lives Schindler vs. Nazi regime Schindler vs. Goeth Internal – with regard to how much he must play along with the system Schindler vs. himself Jews vs. Nazis (throughout the whole novel)

Symbols & Imagery Lists Genia Gods, heroes, kings

Themes He who saves a single life saves the entire world In dark times we must rely on flawed heroes War brings out some of the best and some of the worst human impulses The pragmatic triumph of good over evil The dangers of too much ambition

OSKAR SCHINDLER

He was a German from Czechoslovakia Born in 1908 Raised a strict catholic There were Jews in his class at school He lived next door to a rabbi growing up Before the war, he was a small time salesman and not very successful

What kind of man was Schindler People called him: A swindler “Der grosse Lebemann” (Emilie Schindler, his wife), “a man who loves to live life to its fullest. ” Charming, vain, handsome, womanizer, alcoholic, flamboyant, gambler, risk taker Loved living life on the edge, and to be the center of attention Liked to play the playboy spy.

How did the Germans see him For the Nazi party, he was a party member since 1939. He was a loyal agent for military intelligence. He was used as a spy. He provided for the war effort. He provided Polish army uniforms to German provocateurs who attacked a German border radio station the night before the invasion of Poland. The station was said to have been overrun by “Polish” soldiers. Actually, it was Germans dressed as Poles. This provided an excuse to invade.

Schindler during the war Was arrested repeatedly (3 times by the SS). Usually arrested for black market fraud. His connections always got him out. He ended up being the only German to save more than 1, 000 Jews from the death camps.

Quote from Interview with Spielberg The Quote is about adapting the film from the novel. “The difficulty was what we could not use because we just did not have time to use it. . I had to. . . Find a way of taking the novel, and not so much distill it, but just find all the moments that moved me the most and were the most informative. ”

Quote from Interview with Spielberg (Continued) “In the process of Schindler’s almost transparent transformation from a businessman to a savior, the novel did not give me those clues. It did not tell me why Schindler did it. And none of the witnesses could tell me why Schindler did it, even though I asked everybody I met. ”

Schindler’s motivation Point of some debate among the Schindler Jews. Some said he was an opportunist who saved the Jews because it was self-serving, or because he loved to outwit the SS. Others believed his motivation to be purely to save lives. But for most of the Schindler Jews, they simply know that he saved them and that is all that matters.

The Change of Heart One survivor claims he witnessed Schindler’s change of heart. After seeing Goeth shoot two girls shortly before they died from hanging, Schindler got ill in front of everyone, turned to the survivor and stated that he would never work for the Germans again.

He did show “his Jews” kindness He permitted them to observe holidays. He went to great lengths to make them feel safe. He slept in the factory himself, although a villa was available in Brinnlitz. He provided extra food and medicine. Some of this is portrayed in the film.

History vs. the Film At the end of the war, Schindler had to flee because the Russians would have shot him without a trial. Some of his Jewish workers smuggled him out as a camp survivor. Unlike the film portrayal, however, he escaped in a Mercedes full of valuables. These were later looted and stripped from him and he arrived with nothing in the American zone.

While with the Americans He gave American investigators evidence against his former Nazi drinking buddies. American Jews helped get him to Switzerland.

After the war He lived in different parts of West Germany. He lived for a time with Jews in Argentina. His grand schemes never worked out. He was at his best during war time. He lived in Israel for a time and was celebrated, and bestowed the title of righteous gentile. A tree was planted for him in the avenue of the righteous. When he returned to Germany, he lived in poverty and obscurity.

Schindler’s death He died at age 66 of a failed heart and liver. He was buried in Israel in 1974. His grave is shown in the film at the end.

Krakow The story takes place in Krakow. 26% of the population was Jewish. Shows the Krakow-Plaszow labor camp. In Krakow during the Holocaust, the Jews invited a wall around their ghetto to protect them from Polish citizens. Krakow was a bastion of Jewish culture, but also of anti-Semitism. The Jews thought of the walls as a fortress against anti-Semitism.

Krakow When the Nazis came, the Jews almost willingly moved to the ghetto. They expected to need their fortress, they knew that there was a great deal of hatred toward them in the Polish population.

The Accuracy of the Film Everywhere the “Schindler Jews” got preferential treatment. Accurate. Shows Brinnlitz, Czechoslovakia Near Schindler’s home town. The film shows this accurately, shows the stops on the way there, except that the men also stopped in Groess-Rosen for a week. The women were in Auschwitz for 3 weeks. Schindler had to bribe their way out.

The List The list had 297 women and 800 men on it. The first list made was not very accurate and hastily made. Schindler added 80 names from a “frozen transport, ” a transport from an Auschwitz subcamp. They were left in the cold for 10 days with no food or water. So he saved more people than just his workers.

The List The list was actually made by Marcel Goldberg, the greedy Jewish policeman in the film. This was the source of much bitterness. Only those who bribed him got on the list. Schindler said, he did not have the time to constantly check up on him. Some survivors threatened Schindler because of this.

The Film It took more than a decade to prepare to make the film. The shooting of the film was done in actual locations. The interior and exterior of Schindler’s apartment. The interior and exterior of the prison. Almost every place was authentic. The Plaszow camp was recreated. The shot in Auschwitz had to be shot outside the gate because of resistance to having a film shot inside.

Steven Spielberg The world’s most commercially successful film maker. Perhaps best known for Jurasic Park and Indiana Jones. For him, the film was a personal reawakening of his Jewish faith. He found a great deal of anti-Semitism exists in Poland still today. There were several incidents.

Poland Very few Jews live in Poland today. Because of the anti-Semitism that still exists there, Jews do not want to return. Unfortunately, Hitler was especially successful in murdering most of the eastern European Jews.

Discussion Questions How does this film compare to other films we have seen so far? How does it use imagery and color? What techniques does the film maker use? Is the film successful in representing the Holocaust? Why or why not? How is Schindler established as a character?

Discussion Questions How is the changing relationship with Stern depicted? What does the scene in which Schindler moves into his apartment represent? How does the film show the bureaucracy, the obsession with order, that characterized the Holocaust?

Discussion Questions What is the function of the scene in which Schindler chooses a secretary? What is the function of the scene in which he is speaking to his wife about being remembered as the man who came with nothing and left with two steamer trucks filled with all the riches of the world?

Discussion Questions What is the function of the scene in which he is confronted with the gratitude of the one armed man? What does the scene in which Stern is almost taken to a camp show? What is the relationship between Helen Hirsch and Goeth like? How does he feel about her? What does this show?

Discussion Questions What does Goeth say about history? Today is history? What does he mean by that and why is it in the film? What is the relationship between Goeth and Schindler? Are they alike? What do they think of each other? Does the film portray a turning point for Schindler? Or is there more than one? Does one stand out? Why does it stand out? What techniques does the film maker employ to make it stand out?

Discussion Questions What is the significance of the scene in which the rabbi making hinges is almost shot? At one point Schindler begins to get rather brazen with his requests to help the Jews. Especially during the train episode in which he helps them get water. What does this scene show about his position among the Nazis? What do you think of the scene in Schindler’s List in which he is given the ring?

Discussion Questions Why does he put on a camp uniform when he leaves the camp? Who are the people putting stones on Schindler’s grave in Israel?

Prologue

Chapter 1 Oskar's early years [p. 31] 2. Oskar's early childhood / defending Jews [p. 33] 3. Rabbi Kantor's idea of the Jewish race and those who oppress them / quote at the end [p. 34] 4. Race, blood, and soil meant little to the adolescent Schindler [p. 34] 5. Describes Oskar's best and most innocent summer…at this point in his life he is apolitical…he has no political devotions [p. 35] 6. Oskar's first marriage [p. 36]

Oskar and Emilie / the confusion about why they married each other…the stubbornness of Oskar and Emilie in befriending the Jews. They are both more alike than they think [p. 36] 8. Oskar and Emilie's life in Zwittau / life in the 30 s / Oskar and Hans' (his father) similarities [p. 37] 9. Oskar's sense that history and the times were going to shift…his desperate need to be a part of it / Oskar did not expect the party to be like that at all [p. 38]

10. Irony – the two opinions he respected the most were the two people he disliked the most / comparison of Oskar & Napoleon : first there was triumph and then he was a nobody [p. 38] 11. Hans Schindler's lessons of life [p. 39] 12. Oskar's job as intelligence agent of Admiral Canaris' Abwehr 13. Oskar's initial belief in the German advance into Poland / him and his Abwehr colleagues begin to detest Himmler, the SS and Nazi control [p. 40] 14. Oskar's unknown findings / Polish army's secrets [p. 40]

Important Chapter Notes The conquest of Poland by the German troops Provides a character sketch of Schindler The chapter ends with Schindler's obvious doubts about what his party (the Nazis) are doing and what they will be doing

Chapter 2 During WWII, many people, especially Nazis had doubts about what was happening to the Jews. Schindler expresses his doubts here about what is happening. People said nothing because they thought they had no choice. (41) It wasn’t only Schindler who had doubts about what was happening. A lot of soldiers had doubts about what was happening, but said nothing (42) (43) Schindler meets Itzhak Stern (IMPORTANT). Stern is an important person in this novel – he is one of the few Jews that Schindler trusts with his life. He becomes someone that Schindler goes to for just about everything during the war.

(44) On first impressions, Stern did not like Schindler; he thought he was arrogant and unmanageable. At this point in time, Schindler wore the swastika 'proudly'. . . he wore it kind of without realizing what he was wearing. Stern did not really know what he was all about yet. (44) Stern was a man who had to live under many rules. His life was easily controlled, so to even have a discussion with a German was very difficult. IMPORTANT = Stern resented Schindler simply because he was a Nazi – this contrasts/compares with the Nazis judging the entire Jewish race because they were simply Jews. (46) Stern wonders why Schindler would value his opinion = during that time, no one valued any Jew's opinions over anything

(47) Schindler decides to set up a an enamelware factory for employment, and he wants Stern to help him establish it. Stern warns him that he cannot hire “just anyone”. Schindler is amused by him. (48) Schindler discusses Christianity's roots in Judaism and how everyone is not that different. He is trying to have a civil discussion with a Jewish man – this was unheard of at this time. (48) This is an important discussion between Stern & Schindler. It establishes the important relationship between them from here until the end of the war. It is here that Schindler reveals, but doesn't reveal his true intentions.

Stern says one of the recurring sentiments in this novel here: “He who saves the life of one man saves the entire world. ” This is an extremely important exchange between the two men simply because it is at this moment in time when Schindler decides to create this factory for the Jews. It is also at this moment when Schindler decides that Stern would be a great ally for him. Stern also believes that he planted a seed in Schindler's mind at that moment as well.

It wasn't only Schindler who had doubts about what was happening. A lot of soldiers had doubts about what was happening, but said nothing [p. 42] 2. Schindler meets Itzhak Stern [p. 42] 3. Introduction to Stern – his character & his importance [p. 43] 4. Stern's first impressions of Aue & Schindler [p. 44]

5. All the edicts/rules the Jews must follow and Stern's resentment of Schindler here [p. 44] 6. Oskar would value Stern's opinion [p. 46] 7. Schindler's interest in opening his own factory / Stern's explanation of rules [p. 47] 8. Schindler's discussion of the similarities between Judaism and Christianity / Oskar's comments about life / THEME [p. 48]

Important Chapter Points Stern's final comments plant the seeds in Schindler's mind Schindler has an outstanding respect for Stern

Chapter 3 Schindler is relocated to the Nussbaums' apartment. It was a common practice for Jews to be relocated into other housing during the Holocaust. IMPORTANT – Schindler meets Poldek Pfefferberg here. It is Poldek's mother whom Schindler wants to redecorate his apartment. (50) Pfefferberg's character – he is hardheaded and stubborn. He had a work permit, so he was defensive when the guard, as well as Schindler, approached him. He was streetwise and did what he had to survive. (52) Pfefferberg's first impressions of Schindler; he had doubts about him – he wasn't sure if he should like him or not.

Schindler's voice was calm and quiet. . . there was something intriguing about it. . . Schindler spoke to Mrs. Pfefferberg with respect, which not only shocked Poldek, it also shows us the type of person he is. (CHARACTER) He is speaking with respect to Jews. (54) There was something about Pfefferberg for Schindler as well = Schindler wants to discuss other business with him (for his factory). He is offering other business to another Jew. Pfefferberg became one of Schindler's greatest links to the market's luxuries.

1. Pfefferberg's character; he is the reason this book has been written. He is hardheaded and stubborn, especially when he first encounters Schindler 2. Pfefferberg shows the guard his license to work / also shows his arrogance 3. Pfefferberg's character / he is streetwise / describes him & his life after his escape 4. How Pfefferberg came close to killing Oskar Schindler / Schindler's said generosity, not knowing he was close to death

5. Nazis' actions & how they treated them 6. Pfefferberg's impressions of Schindler 7. Schindler's voice 8. Germans are the only ones who know what the future holds 9. What Pfefferberg did for Schindler

Chapter 4 Schindler signs the deed for his enamelware factory (Emalia). Before this point, he was only discussing having this factory, now he has the deed, so it will become a reality. (56) Schindler knows more than what he has been saying up until this point. He warns Stern that something big is going to happen within the next few days. Not everyone believed him, though. (57) The invasion is the one thing that completely disgusts Schindler – it is from this moment on that he decides to make his factory a haven for Jews. (58) Description of the Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen would make their own rules about everything, so the survival rate would not be very high. (60 -61) Einsatzgruppen made an example of Orthodox Jews in a church. Even though all but one obeyed the soldiers, they were all shot to death to prove a point. That the Nazis were more powerful than any of the Jews.

Chapter 5 Schindler begins his affair with his Polish secretary. He meets and drinks with German officials; they talk about the current “situation” and speculate about what is to be done to the Jews This is an important section – it contrasts Schindler the hero to Schindler the moral coward (Macbeth was also one).

This section also sets up the fact that Schindler is still friends with Nazi officials and he knows what is going to happen to the Jews before it ever takes place. Schindler begins to question the system He realizes that the enemy is the SS – this is significant that they feel that way now, as opposed to when everything began.

Chapter 6 Stern convinced that Schindler is a rarity (68) Stern thinks Schindler has the truest, most sincere intentions (68 -69) More edicts are put forth for the Jews – their assets are now being held by the German administrators; the Jews are no longer allowed access to their own money.

(70) Emilie arrives to visit her husband reveals her "impressions" of him. Details of their marriage come forth here. This is reflected in the harshness of the reality of the situation in the outside world. (71) Pfefferberg asks Emilie if Frau Schindler was in the apartment…he said this to the real Frau Schindler – which proves that Schindler has a mistress there often enough that Poldek thought she was his wife.

Emilie puts up with Oskar's antics – what kind of a person is she? And what kind of a life is that? Abraham Bankier helps Schindler find Jewish investors for his enamelware factory Schindler sets up his factory and employs 150 Jews (IMPORTANT – he has finally begun his deployment into dangerous territory).

� (72) More edicts are forced upon the Jews, given by General Frank. Evacuations are to take place, to try to get the streets rid of the "crawling Jews. " Jews needed to work in order to save themselves from the concentration camps. Work permits were given to certain Jewish workers, others were forced into the camps to die or work hard labor.

(73) men like Stern are compiling a list of sympathizers. Schindler and Madritsch are on that list Madritsch – owns the uniform factory inside the Plaszow camp.

(74) Tyranny by the SS squads and forcing Jews to clear snow from the sidewalks (which meant that they could not show up for work for Schindler – he wasn’t happy), became more important than production and basic human life. SS squads are power hungry and they just love pushing people around. Oskar begins to feel the brunt of the Nazi regime and control by them. He hates not having his workers show up because the SS are on a power trip. He resents them for not only what they are doing to his factory workers, but what they are doing to other human beings.

Chapter 7 (75) Discusses the Rosner brothers Stern tells the story of Marek Biberstein, the president of the Judenrat. The Jewish council set up by the Germans to administer Jewish affairs. Biberstein had offered a bribe to a German official to try to allow ten thousand Jews to remain at home, and he is now serving a jail sentence. Stern tells Schindler this story because he wants to protect him from any punishment; he wants to warn him about what can happen to him if he goes against Nazi rules and laws. Stories are spread about Oskar.

(79) Oskar is not without sin – IMPORTANT – his moral character as opposed to his compassionate character. (80) German richness vs. Jewish poverty (81) On some level Stern somewhat thinks that Schindler is a crook (but not in the bad sense that he thinks he would hurt him). "Fragile hope" – Schindler knows that hoping for the Jews right now is probably a bad thing because he knows what Hitler is capable of. The Jews really have no idea what they are in for. Punishment for bribery.

Chapter 8 A Jewish ghetto is set up in March 1940.

It is important to note that the Jews never really fought back because they always thought that each edict was the final straw. They never believed it could get any worse than what it did. IMPORTANT – (85) – important passage at the end of the 1 st paragraph on p. 85, beginning with "You never knew, when you were forced into the back of a truck…" This is extremely important – it shows us the cruelty of how the Jews lived. They really had no idea what was going to come next. They lived a life of total fear. The Jews liked the ghetto – it was all of their own people living in the same space with no German intrusions.

(86) More edict descriptions (87) The inconvenience of the ghettoes in Schindler's life (88) More edicts & rules for the Jews (89) Oskar has now completely changed his opinion of the Jews – he finally sees everyone as belonging to the same race = HUMANITY. Poles also know what is going to happen to the Jews; they scream in the streets what is going to happen to them. They scream "Goodbye Jews!" (91) Schindler tells his workers that they are safe in his factory. He is making promises to Jews – by making promises to them he is already saving them. His workers believe him because they have nothing else to believe!

Chapter 9 Oskar still did not see how much he was like his father. Schindler returns to his hometown of Zwittau and meets his estranged father. Emilie genuinely loves Oskar. Both her and his father are amazed at how Oskar can give endlessly to strangers, but gives absolutely nothing to her. (95) Oskar finally sees himself in his father's eyes.

Chapter 10 Conditions worsen in the Jewish ghetto, and there is great resentment towards the members of the Judenrat. Germany invades Russia and the war intensifies. (97) Another edict is put into place. (97) Bottom of the page – propaganda vs. Jews (98) Pfefferberg was a policeman for the Jewish force and this describes the type of policeman he was.

(98) Things are changing – the people recognize what is happening around them and how different things will be from here on out. (99) IMPORTANT – Symche Spira Distrust among the police force / Pfefferberg wants to get out of the force. (100) Last five lines of the last paragraph – They go from working Jews to Killing Jews. This war would change humanity forever. Oskar sensed this immensely. Everyone would be influenced and changed by this racial war. There would be new plans for the SS (more extreme measures when "dealing" with the Jews). They would stop at nothing to implement the "Final Solution" and annihilate the entire Jewish race. This is the TURNING POINT [CLIMAX] of the novel.

Chapter 11 Schindler kisses a Jewish girl at his factory on his birthday He is arrested again (103) Czurda releases Schindler, but warns him about this type of behavior (103) While under arrest, Oskar makes a list of those that would save him (his allies) – Julian Scherner & Martin Plathe. (104) A Gestapo man visits Oskar's plant to advise him that all plants are now under extreme scrutiny of the Nazis

● (105) Oskar tries to exert his influence on the Gestapo man. The man wants to see his books, but Oskar tries to dissuade him.

Chapter 12 (107) IMPORTANT = The reader encounters Genia (the child in the red dress). You can see from this point on that the child will be important for Schindler. ● She is ultimately the deciding factor in Schindler's “list”. He is touched by her (and others) innocence in all of the crimes committed against the Jews. ●

(107) CONFLICT – Jews vs. Jews / Nazis vs. Jews ● Red dress = symbolic of love, blood, heart. This is the only color now for anyone. What you see depends on how you act. ● (108 – bottom) Genia is only 3 years old, but she knows enough about her world to not trust anyone. She protects her parents. This was a tactic that her parents taught her in case she was ever questioned. ●

Oskar's 34 th birthday – he kisses another Jewish girl. He includes his Jewish workers into his celebration. Somebody tells on him, and he is labeled a “Jew-kisser. ” He is once again arrested. ● (110) – the Nazis' perceived powers – they do not need a warrant to arrest Schindler. Oskar tries to threaten the men, but it is of no use. ●

For the first time, during this arrest, Oskar's influence does not immediately work. He is feeling exactly how the Jews are feeling – his shipment to Montelupich prison mirrors the many shipments of the Jews to their prisons. He fears the unknown for the first time. ● (111) Oskar meets “Phillip” in prison (“If we's all got down to first names earlier, we'd be a happier race” - direct reference to the Jewish situation; Jews were mainly recognized by their last names. ) ●

Oskar tried to bribe the SS guard. He did not know what was going to happen – another example of his fear. ● (114) – Oskar still has his influence on the SS. Czurda forgives him. ● (115) – IMPORTANT “. . . the realm of torture, of ● unconditional imprisonment – the hell beyond bars of those who had no pots and pans to barter. . . ” Schindler's release is contrasted with the Jews' constant imprisonment – he wonders what is happening to them. He expresses real concern for them.

● “They don't have a future. It's policy. ” All Nazi officials know what is going to happen to them, it has been ingrained in them. Jew-hating has been around for long time – it's snow become a policy.

Chapter 13 The ghettos created hope for the Jews – they had a sense of security there because they were surrounded by their own kind. They felt safe there. They were clinging to the idea that the ghetto was permanent. ● In order to prevent immediate deportation to camps, Jews had to get a work card/identity sticker. Pfefferberg could not get one at first, but then he lies and says he is a metal polisher. The officer that accepted Pfefferberg was later sent to Auschwitz for being persuadable. ●

Chapter 14 ● ● ● Bankier (Schindler's office manager) and other workers are loaded into cattle cars and are about to be deported to labor camps. (123) Schindler is desperate to find him among the deportees. Oskar is only yelling Bankier's name – Bankier thinks he is of equal importance to everyone standing in the cattle cars that day. (125) Schindler finds Bankier and some of his other workers and he rescues them. The officer that he thanks for letting him take them back says that it makes no difference who they take, as long as they take someone.

The officer realizes Schindler's sympathy for them, and he reiterates that it doesn't matter to the Nazis, they will just be replaced by others. They will only die anyway. ● Humans are treated like animals. The only thing they have now are the cattle cars. ●

Chapter 15 In the pivotal scene of the novel, Schindler and his girlfriend see “Genia”, the child in red. They are watching the liquidation of the Jewish ghetto and the murder of countless men, women, and children. ● Schindler is particularly moved by Genia, especially her innocence, despite her harsh world. ● (127) Germans are just executing orders to save themselves. ●

(128) Two lines are forming – one is for death, the other forced labor. ● The harshness of separating families has now become a reality. ● (129) The scarlet child ● (130) Schindler is sickened by the Nazis' actions - “Their lack of shame. ” The soldiers did not kill Genia for going out of line – proving that some of them were only following orders, they were not totally cruel. But they also thought they were all going to die, so they didn't really care. ●

(131) Death is already not phasing on the Jews. They have become used to it; they totally ignore some family members being shot. Some may scream, others may cry, but they are becoming used to it. ● (132) Schindler sees Genia for the first time – he becomes compelled by her. He finally realizes that the Nazis' intentions are evil. Being a part of this made him sick; being a Nazi made him sick. ●

“Beyond this day, no thinking person could fail to see what would happen. I was now resolved to do everything in my power to defeat the system. ” Schindler is going to do everything in his power to help the Jews. He finally understands their innate cruelty. Anyone who could think could see and had to know what they were doing. He vowed to stop them.

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j 1 VL-y 9 JHu. I

Chapter 16 More details of the ghetto are revealed, as well as stories of escape and resistance. ● (135) CONFLICTS – Nazis are not human ● (136) Belzec concentration camp killed at least 3000 people per day, at least. ● (137) Oskar refers to Hitler as “the evil king”. . . even though he wants Hitler to be defeated, he does not want his life to change from what it is now (successful) ●

(138) “that Oskar Schindler has endangered himself now beyond the limit of cautious business practice. . . ” (141) Mrs. Dresner tries to hide from the Nazis. . . a young Nazi boy helps her. . . ”AN hour of life is still life. ” (144) Last paragraph – Oskar's determination to the defeat the entire system is put in place.

Chapter 17 Sedlacek (An Austrian dentist) is making enquiries about Schindler & his factory. ● Schindler has a reputation among the Jews as a man that will save and help them ● Schindler helps the Jewish underground movement ● (147) Sedlacek brings a list with him when he visits Schindler's factory. This list is of people that he must investigate – Stern, Ginter, and Biberstein have nominated Schindler for the post of Righteous Person. They had forwarded his name to the Zionists in Palestine. ●

(148) Schindler discusses the war with Sedlacek and fears what will come. He knows what the Nazis are doing is “beyond belief. ” He expresses his disbelief and disgust about it (CHARACTER). ● Sedlacek wants Schindler to come and tell his superiors what is happening there with the Jews. . . Schindler agrees. ● (151) Discusses the removal of valuables from inmates. . . they would remove gold teeth with no painkillers. . . they would force the inmates to give up everything. ●

Chapter 18 Schindler and Sedlacek are traveling to Hungary to report the atrocities in Poland (camps and killings) (154) Schindler's knowledge of the events in Poland bother him greatly. . . he is not in Poland with his workers and it bothers him that he's not there now to help any more people. Oskar does not hesitate in reporting what is happening to the Jews.

(154 -155) Details of the Jews' life. Oskar tells the men everything – the ghettos were being wound down. . . the camps were now becoming full force. As Oskar tells them in explicit details (IMPORTANT to read!!) he becomes more and more disgusted.

Chapter 19 Amon Goeth is the Nazi official that will liquidate the Plaszow ghetto. He wants all factories and their subsequent workers to be moved to his labor camp once the building is complete. Description of Goeth follows. Examples of Goeth's brutality are described, including his execution of the Jewish engineer who is supervising the building of the barracks on the camp. (162) “They won't have to go far to get buried. . . ”

(167 -169) Goeth's cruelty – execution of Diana Reiter, engineer who was only doing her job. When building the barracks for the camp, someone had done it wrong and she was correcting them. In doing so, she had an argument with SS officer Hujar. Goeth did not like this, so he ordered her to be shot, not in a private place, but there, in front of everyone. Once this happened, Goeth told Hujar to fix the barracks and complete it the way that Reiter told him. This was to be the permitted execution ways in his camp.

Chapter 20 Goeth and Schindler meet, and Schindler explains why his factory cannot be moved to Plaszow, as had been directed when Goeth became supervisor there: for purely industrial reasons. Schindler is depressed after he sees the conditions at Plaszow. It is the last day of the existence of the ghetto, and the chapter ends with a description of Dr. H's nurses administering cyanide to the dying patients in the ghetto hospital to spare them being slaughtered by the German military.

(170) “Two big men” - Schindler and Goeth were big men, in more than just their size. They were both the same type of man – big on their power and superiority, they just used it in different ways (although Schindler also used his power to bribe others as well). “Big” can mean more than one thing. They both wanted money and success and they knew what was going to happen during this war.

Oskar had a talent for treating men he absolutely hated as if they were spiritual brothers. . . he totally pulled one over on Goeth and convinced him to let him keep his factory and workers where they were. Oskar deceived Goeth so much that from that moment on, Goeth always believed Oskar to be a true friend. However, Oskar would discuss Goeth with Stern and other workers, and it was clear that Oskar hated him. He hated him and everything that was happening without end. This is important because Oskar could have easily turned out exactly like Goeth – he was in the position to do so.

Amon was Oskar's “dark brother”. Oskar reveals his true feelings about Goeth to Stern; he trusts him completely. He thinks Goeth is a “lunatic. ” Schindler knows that the Nazis view all of this killing as work, not human lives. They were looking forward to the day when the “Final Solution” would become a reality.

The Nazis viewed this as a history, in every bad sense of the term. They wanted to cement their place in the history books. (174) Describes Goeth as “suffering” - from headaches. Look at what he is doing on a daily basis to other people. . . he is not suffering at all. (175) – top of page. . . the first paragraph (continuation of previous page) – IMPORTANT passage – shows what he is capable of and what Goeth's attitude is towards all of the happenings.

A hospital is attacked, with the patients inside unable to get up and hide when the Nazis intrude. Their doctors stayed with them. . . they administered a poison so the Nazis would not have the privilege of killing these sick people – they believed that death should be honorable. The patients remained calm while this whole ordeal was going on. They were grateful to the doctors and nurses for what they were doing. “With the envy any ghetto dweller would feel for escapees. . . ” People would look at these patients and want to have the death they just had rather than live the lives they have to.

Chapter 21 Pfefferberg and his wife, Mila, are tempted to escape the ghetto before they are transported to the camps – they can do this through the sewer system. (183) Descriptions of how tense it was waiting to find out your future.

Pfefferberg and Mila have only each other left – both of their families have already been shipped off to the camps; their bodies were found among the dead once the war was over. (184) Poldek panics when he cannot find Mila. He finally realizes that while he was out securing their escape, the Gestapo have been marching the people towards the camps.

(185) Darkness is a symbol not only of all the death that has already occurred, but of all the death yet to come. (186) Question of whether or not they were only following orders comes up. (186) Cruelness & pure evil (first paragraph) Description of Goeth – Pfefferberg meets him and is not impressed. To him, he didn't look like a murderer, there was a sensitivity to his face. . . IRONY – he was the worst one of all!

Pfefferberg meets Goeth when he went back into the empty ghetto streets – he hears Goeth & his men coming and he doesn't know what to do. So he decides to clear the streets of all the dead bodies (he says he was ordered to do so). More than 4000 people who resisted deportation from the ghetto are found and executed in the streets. These people hid in the attics and false ceilings. That's where Goeth & his men were going when they met Poldek. They are taken to Plaszow and buried in the mass graves.

Chapter 22 (192) Goeth's cruelty (194) Goeth still thinks of Oskar as a friend here Schindler makes plans to open his own factory camp outside Plaszow, and he obtains permission from Scherner and Goeth to do so, but he must foot the entire bill for the operation. The construction of the “subcamp” is approved.

(196) Schindler's Jews already feel as if they are extremely lucky, even though everything has only just begun. His Jews called themselves the “Schindlerjuden”. . . it just means Schindler's Jews. Desperation to survive – a man lets his injured hand heal crookedly by taking off the bandage. He wanted to ensure his transfer to Schindler's Emalia and he feared it wouldn't happen if he appeared to be injured.

Chapter 23 The Emalia camp (Schindler's) is seen as a haven and there is already competition to get into it. Although the SS still have some control over it, there are no beatings and the inmates are relatively well fed. Schindler is visited by Regina Perlman, who asks that her parents be moved from the labor camp to his subcamp. Schindler does not immediately consent, in case she is a spy, but her parents are eventually moved there. He had to put up a front for her.

(202) The conditions in Emalia vs. the conditions in the other camps (202) Contrast between the SS and Oskar as leaders (204) Fearing everything was a common occurrence among the Jews. . . they came to fear even the most innocent of friendships. Schindler became a savior to them and his camp started to be called a paradise.

(205) “ritual” portrait of the Furher [Hitler]. . . he had a picture of Hitler in his office. . . ritual meaning that he only had it in his office for looks, not because he liked him, or believed in his policies. (208 -211) Cruel nature of the Nazis – Goeth decides to make a person prove that they are capable of work (Levartov). (211) Oskar knew that there were other things more important to life than the camps and their “work. ” He respected Levartov and told him he should be preparing for Sabbath. (Oskar's CHARACTER)

Chapter 24 Schindler visits Goeth (proves that S is still in high ranking in the Nazi party) and tempts him towards being more restrained in his behavior towards prisoners – and to stop killing Jews at random from his balcony as he has been doing. Goeth likes the idea, and for a while, he stops his arbitrary executions. But his clemency does not last long.

It is also learned that Goeth and his clique are making personal fortunes through their corrupt dealings at the Plaszow Labor Camp. (216 -217) Goeth is issuing more cruel behavior – he doesn't care about killing anyone at all. (217) Even though the Jews witnessed all of the killings and the brutality, they still hoped that each execution was the last.

(217 -18) Oskar saving more families and there are families of people who are still alive because of the conditions in Emalia, and because Schindler does not believe in Hitler's policies. Oskar wants to report the conditions of Plaszow labor camp (Goeth's camp).

Chapter 25 Schindler continues to spend vast sums of money to bribe officials and procure supplies to run his factory camp and take care of the inmates there. (225) His “prisoners” knew that Oskar would go the limit for them, they knew that he was different from anyone else.

(226) Once someone told Oskar about people that needed to be rescued, he did whatever he could to help/save them. Oskar saves Mrs. Helene Schindler (no relation) Trading one thing for another. Oskar is now completely outraged at all SS men and is more determined than ever to help his “prisoners. ” Oskar wants to report the conditions at the Plaszow camp to the higher authorities.

Chapter 26 Details of the harsh living conditions of the Plaszow camp are given. Amid the suffering and routine executions, a Jewish couple, Josef & Rebecca Bau, get married. Schindler travels to Oranienberg to get assurances from officials that his subcamp will not be closed.

(231) Even after the war, Nazi supporters were rampant. They still did not see the wrongs they had committed. Discusses how people would throw things and spit at Jewish supporters/Jews when they walked in the streets. Hitler had ingrained a certain way of thinking into the minds of all non. Jewish Germans. This feeling stayed for many years after the war.

(234) People now expected Oskar to save them, or at least help them. Even if they died, they knew someone was helping them. The expectations of Oskar have now escalated. (235) Death needed to be accepted as a normal everyday routine. If it meant nothing to Goeth maybe it should mean nothing to others.

Chapter 27 Goeth is ordered to burn the dead bodies around the Plaszow camp. Schindler tells Stern that he is going to get all his Jewish workers out of their situation – or at least, he says, he will get Stern out. (Schindler trusts Stern and wants to save him. He knows he is a real person and wants to treat him that way. )

Nazis had photographers hired to take pictures of everything that they were doing so they could look back and remember proudly. Pfefferberg bought the film in 1963 from Tisch. . . Pfefferberg was afraid of what the pictures revealed. He knew what Goeth/Auschwitz had to say, but photos revealed every truth.

(252 -254) They have begun to burn the bodies. . . they are trying to get rid of all of the evidence of the crimes they have committed. Somewhere between 8000 -10 000 bodies were burned at the Plaszow camp alone. The Jews were helping the Nazis cover up their crimes.

(254) Killing of the ghetto police and their families – there was no obedience a Jew could make to guarantee survival. IRONY – Care must be taken in the future disposal of all bodies = they never cared about killing them (256) Oskar wants to ensure his inmates' survival – he does not want them shipped off to any other concentration camps. He questions the system and is determined to at least get Stern out of the range of fire.

Chapter 28 “Health Action” begins – the selection process (259) – there were other Jewish prisoners coming from Hungary who were in better condition than Goeth's current ones. Goeth could accept up to 10 000 of these new ones, if he could liquidate the “unproductive element” inside his camp & double up the ones he gets in return.

His requests were approved, so Goeth began a sorting-out process inside his camp – the “Health Action. ” (260) – Description of the Health Action / how quickly their fate was decided for them, by a single run. 1400 adults and 268 children were selected for automatic shipment to Auschwitz – for immediate death.

Goeth thought these numbers were disappointing – he was hoping for many more to be shipped away. (261 -263) Olek Rosner in hiding from the selection These selection processes would continue regularly until the end of the war.

Chapter 29 Goeth tells Schindler that they must be aware of a Polish partisan attack from outside the camp. (265 -266) IMPORTANT PASSAGE CONFLICT – Goeth vs. Oskar's humanity vs. Goeth's cruelty & laughter As prisoners are being transported from the camps to Auschwitz or other death camps, Oskar pours buckets of water over the prisoners in front of the SS & Goeth.

Oskar wanted the prisoners repeatedly opened for fresh air and water for them – a survivor would later tell him that they were indeed opened for them. This is proof that Oskar was a respected man and people honored his wishes.

(267) IMPORTANT – Oskar's character – although the SS are laughing at him, he still does it anyway. He is no longer determined – he is possessed. Goeth knows that there is a shift in Oskar here. He advises his friend to take it easy & relax. He tells him he cannot run after every train-load of people that leaves this place. He advises him to forget them, they are nothing to worry over.

(267) Oskar's prisoners recognize this shift in his character now. (268) Oskar's spirits are uplifted when he hears a rumor that Hitler has been assassinated – proof that he does not believe in this system. He waits impatiently for the day that the Nazis no longer rule them.

(269) Hitler makes a radio announcement that proves the rumor false – and denounces the conspirators. He is reassuring Germany that he is okay. Oskar sinks into depression – makes reference to “our freedom” - he feels as if he is imprisoned within this system along with the Jews. He sees himself as one of them.

(270) Goeth sensed that Oskar was not with him. Goeth wants reassurance that his men are with him if he fires at the intruders. “life for a day was still life” - that is the temperament of the Jews now. They are now using any excuse to kill now that they (Goeth) were no longer in total control of the executions.

Chapter 30 Schindler's camp = Emalia Goeth's camp = Plaszow Schindler learns that Emalia must be disbanded and his workers sent to Plaszow for “relocation, ” which certainly means that they will be sent to the death camps. There is no specific definition of “relocation. ”

(275 -276) Relocation – everyone thinks this will be the end. . . Schindler is angry at this order, but he unusually keeps his cool. (277) There has been so much death & destruction, it is nearly impossible for anyone to believe that something as good as an end will come.

(277) - 2 nd paragraph – The official beginning of 'Schindler's List. ' Amon will allow Schindler to draw up this list of people to take with him to his new factory location – if only he gets permission from the involved boards. (278 -79) Schindler “wins” Helen Hirsch from Goeth in a game of blackjack, and she is added to the list of skilled workers he will take to his factory.

Hirsch had no idea that Schindler won her in a card game. (279) Parallel between God & Satan playing cards for human souls (280) “There was a Schindler list. It was worth everything to be on it. ”

Chapter 31 Survivors are still trying to find some reasons for why Oskar did this – they are still trying to figure it out. Nothing made any sense to them. Goeth is arrested by the SS for his embezzlements, black market dealings, and other illegal activities.

Schindler drives to Brinnlitz in Czechoslovakia to look at the site for his relocated factory camp. (282 -83) Schindler involving General Lange in helping the Jews. . . Lange is an example of one of many who worked inside the system, but not always for the system. When Schindler was negotiating transfers to his new factory, Goeth was arrested.

(287) Even though everyone knew of the atrocities that Hitler had committed, no non. Jew wanted to live where the Jews were living. No one wanted to be in the same place. Oskar spends 100 000 reichsmarks to get his prisoners transferred to Brinnlitz. He draws up a list of names of prisoners. Marcel Goldberg, a personnel clerk, is in charge of the list and takes bribes to include names on it.

Oskar needed to speed up the process of getting his prisoners transferred, or they would evacuate his factory. IMPORTANT = (289 -90) List = Life There were more than one thousand names on the list. There were the names of all his prisoners, as well as some new names (Hirsch). The circumstances in which the list was made is almost legend-like.

(293) People bribing their way onto the List. Josef Bau – one half of the married couple, would be on the List. If he had known that his wife and mother would not be included, he would have never bribed his way in.

Chapter 32 The men on the Schindler List are transported to Brinnlitz by train in freezing conditions. (295) There is bitterness after the war towards Schindler by some of his Emalia prisoners – some were left off the list. Oskar made most of list by memory, so some people were accidentally left off. He didn't do it [Goldberg did], but by leaving them off the list, life was unbearable for them.

(296) Goeth blaming Oskar for the money found among his belongings by the SS. He's making Oskar take the blame by claiming false things. (297) Goldberg's malice still tantalizes survivors now, the same way it did in the last days of the war.

The Pfefferbergs were left off by Goldberg first, but eventually they were put on it [Schindler wanted them there]. Helen Hirsch was also there, as was her younger sister [the one she gave Schindler money to save].

(298 -302) Description of the transport of the men from Emalia to Brinnlitz.

Chapter 33 The Jewish male workers are now in Brinnlitz and are told to expect the women of Emalia at any moment. (305) Schindler's women are brought to the comcentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau instead of Brinnlitz. Some are killed in the first few days there. (308) Description of Dr. Josef Mengele

(309) Even Schindler's women were not safe from execution. (309) More Jews are being shipped to Auschwitz now – the war will soon be over and they are trying to kill as many as they can before they are defeated. Of 1750 prisoners, all male, who were shipped at one time, 1000 were immediately gassed. Of 4000 in the next shipment, 2500 went to the “bathhouses. ”

(310) Mila Pfefferberg questions Oskar's promises to them all. After more than 10 days, Schindler manages to secure the women's return. Meanwhile, the Brinnlitz factory camp is set up. It produces artillery casings, but this is simply a front; there is no production at the factory at all. The SS officers in charge of the camp are not allowed into the factory at all and may hurt the prisoners without justification or a trial.

(316) Oskar's importance is proven. Emilie works at the Brinnlitz clinic. (322) Liepold arrives at Brinnlitz when Schindler is away. . . he is looking for children for Mengele's experiments. (324) Liepold cries when he brings children from Brinnlitz to Auschwitz. He gives them hope for survival and tells them what will happen to them.

(326) The women are loaded into the cars and to be sent back to Brinnlitz, in exchange for some of their children. (329) The women finally arrive at Brinnlitz – they see Schindler waiting for them and they finally know they are safe. (330) Oskar vs. the SS/Nazis

(333) Emilie was dominated by Oskar, yet she was her own woman. Emilie was just as much of a legend as Oskar was, yet she was completely overlooked by him.

Chapter 34 One of the camp workers, Janek Dresner, is accused of sabotage of the camp machinery by a German engineer supervisor. The officer in charge of the camp, Liepold, wants to make an example of him. Schindler handles the problem by cursing and hitting the boy in front of the engineer, dismissing him as too ignorant to mis-calibrate a machine, as he had been accused of doing. This is an example of the “stunts” pulled by Schindler to save the lives of his workers.

Brinnlitz (2000 calories) vs. Other concentration camps (600 calories) (338) Schindler's loyalty to Stern & Stern's loyalty to Schindler (340) The SS was questioning Schindler about his choice of workers. . . Schindler was constantly tricking the SS and Brinnlitz, was the biggest trick of them all.

Chapter 35 Schindler manages to evade other inspections at his factory and hide the fact that it is producing nothing. Schindler didn't care about production anymore – he cared about saving Jewish lives. (341) Finding excuses for the lack of production at Brinnlitz (342) “Me and my Jews. . . ” Schindler refers to his inmates as his. . . they really were his. They were all depending on each other.

(342) “It's the best birthday present I could have got. Because I know that no poor bastard has been killed by my product. ” Schindler does not care NO PRODUCTION = NO DEATHS (343) They would all die if Oskar let them down. We also become aware of evidence that the inspectors were bribed. Oskar bribes these officials to maintain their silence about the fact that his factory is producing nothing.

(344) Complaints about Oskar and his factory There are no complaints from the townspeople about the prisoners and the state of the factory. During this time Schindler acquires an arsenal of weapons, and he trains some of the prisoners to use the firearms (in case of any invasion by the SS). Schindler knows their will come a time where he will have to leave and he wants them to protect themselves. (346) “An altered world. . . ” [The world has changed from before Hitler came to power] (348) Last paragraph – their worst nightmare that she never thought was possible. . . getting ready for battle if it should come.

Chapter 36 IMPORTANT CHAPTER (349 -350) Some of Oskar's friends thought that he was a victim of a Jewish virus – that made him become friends with “the enemy. ” CONTRAST – killing vs. Russian front getting closer (355) Diversity of victims

Schindler pays the authorities for the prisoners from the Goleszow quarry, who arrive at his camp near death, to work for him. Goeth, released from prison, visits Schindler's new camp. “When you saw Goeth, you saw death. ”

Chapter 37 VERY IMPORTANT CHAPTER!! On Schindler's 37 th birthday, his workers present him with a small box crafted by one of the metalworkers. He makes a speech, saying that tyranny will soon be over and that he will stay at Brinnlitz until they are free. He also arranges for the dismissal of Liepold from the camp.

The war ends with the German surrender, and Schindler is happy but frightened by the news of the execution of German civilians. Schindler knows he must flee because he is still a Nazi and the Allies will come after him even though he saved people. Before he flees, his prisoners present him with a ring on which is inscribed “He who saves a single life saves the world entire” (368). [THEME]

Schindler is truly touched at the sentiment and feels that he does not deserve the respect of a Jew. He feels as if he could save more people and he starts crying. He makes another long speech, urging the SS to leave quietly and for the workers to exercise restraint against their aggressors. The prisoners also present Schindler with a letter of introduction, written in Hebrew, explaining his extraordinary circumstances. It is written in Hebrew so the authorities would know that Schindler did not write it.

The car is prepared for Schindler's (and Emilie's) departure; sacks of diamonds are inserted into the upholstery. Oskar is now becoming dependent on gifts from the Jews (IRONY)

Chapter 38 The SS garrison (the guards that were stationed at Schindler's camp to supervise) leaves the factory camp, and Schindler, his wife, and 8 prisoners leave Brinnlitz. They are accompanying him all the way. They travel through Czechoslovakia, and in Prague the car is stripped of the diamonds. In Czechoslovakia they also encounter American troops, who treat them well.

When they cross the Swiss border, they are arrested by the French police on suspicion on having been concentration camp guards. The Hebrew letter of introduction has been left with the Americans, and the group is afraid of what the Allies might do to Schindler if they find out he was the director of the camp. Schindler, his wife, and the prisoners are all interrogated and eventually decide to tell the truth. When the French hear their story, they weep and embrace them. In the meantime, the Soviets liberate the camp at Brinnlitz.

Epilogue After the war, Schindler and his wife move to Munich, where they share lodgings with some of his former workers. Schindler takes on a Jewish mistress, and he clings to the company of “his Jews” who had come to Germany. He hears that Goeth had been condemned to death and hanged in Krakow in 1946 (saluting Hitler).

Schindler receives $15 000 and a reference from an international Jewish relief organization to whom he had made reports during the war. He, Emilie, and other Schindlerjuden move to Argentina, where Schindler becomes a farmer. His business fails, and in 1957 he leaves Argentina, and Emilie, to return to Germany. He buys a cement factory, but that too fails, and by 1961 he is bankrupt again.

In 1961, several Schindlerjuden invite him to Israel. He is honored by the municipality of Tel Aviv and in Jerusalem is declared a “Righteous Person” and invited to plant a carob tree in the “Avenue of the Righteous” leading to the Yad Vashem Museum. He spends some months of every year in Israel, living the rest of the time in cramped quarters in Frankfurt in a state of loneliness and depression and with almost no money.

He continues to help with the effort to identify war criminals. In 1966, he is honored by German government for his wartime efforts. In his sixties, Schindler begins working for the German Friends of Hebrew University raising funds in West Germany. In 1972, 3 Schindlerjuden dedicate a floor of the Truman Research Center at Hebrew University to Schindler.

Emilie Schindler continued to live in San Vicente, south of Buenos Aires, without any bitterness towards Oskar. She says that he was a very fortunate man – in a short era [WWII] he had met people who summoned forth his deeper talents. They had forced him to be the man she always knew he was and could be.

Schindler died in 1974 in Frankfurt of hardening of the arteries of the and heart. His will declared a wish he had already expressed to a number of Schindlerjuden – that he be buried in Jerusalem. In the press photograph of the funeral procession can be seen – amid a stream of other Schindler Jews – Itzhak Stern, Moshe Bejski, Helen Hirsch, Jakob Sternberg, Juda Dresner. He was mourned on every continent.

What happened to the Nazi war criminals? Martin Bormann – Successor to Hess as Nazi Party Secretary. Sentenced to death in absentia. His remains were found in 1972. Hans Frank – Reich Law Leader (1933 -45). He expressed repentance for what he had done. He was sentenced to death. Wilhelm Frick – Hitler's Minister of the interior. He was sentenced to death.

Hans Fritzsche – Head of the news division of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry. He was tried in place of Joseph Goebbels and was acquitted. Walther Funk – Hitler's Minister of Economics. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, but released due to ill health on May 16, 1957. Hermann Goring – Chief of several SS departments. He was sentenced to death, but committed suicide the night before his execution.

Rudolf Hess – Hitler's deputy, flew to Scotland in 1941 in attempt to broker peace with Great Britain. Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in 1987. Alfred Jodl – Chief of the OKW's Operations Division. He was sentenced to death, but exonerated by the German court in 1953. Ernst Kaltenbrunner – Highest surviving SS leader. Commanded many Einsatzgruppen and several concentration camps. He was sentenced to death.

Wilhelm Keitel – Head of OKW & sentenced to death. Alfred Rosenberg – Racial theory ideologist. Sentenced to death. Heinrich Himmler – committed suicide before questioning could take place. His remains are buried in an unmarked grave. Amon Goeth – sentenced to death and hanged for his crimes against humanity.