Scanner Course 2 l Aircraft Familiarization l Aircraft

Scanner Course #2 l Aircraft Familiarization – – l Aircraft Controls Aircraft Instruments Weight and Balance Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks P-2016, P-2017, P-2018

Scanner Course #2 Aircraft Structure and Controls

Scanner Course #2 Aircraft Familiarization l l l Why do I need to know this stuff anyway? Terminology Structure Control surfaces Instrumentation Limitations

Scanner Course #2 The Airplane l CAP typically uses C 172 and C 182.

Scanner Course #2 Aircraft Terminology

Scanner Course #2 Ailerons provide roll control

Scanner Course #2 Elevators provide pitch control Center of Gravity

Scanner Course #2 The rudder controls yaw

Scanner Course #2 Trim tabs neutralize control pressures

Scanner Course #2 Aircraft Instruments

Scanner Course #2 Instrument Panel

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Magnetic Compass – – Primarily a backup Doesn’t require any power Installation problems Bank angles and speed changes can cause a compass to show the wrong heading

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Heading Indicator (Directional Gyro) – – – Gyro-driven heading indicator Quick response to turns Stable indications Electrical or vacuum-driven Will drift, requires periodic realignment

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Altimeter – – Usually set to show pressure altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL) Accurate altitude is dependent on the altimeter setting.

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Turn Coordinator – – – Really two instruments Miniature aircraft shows turn rate only does not show bank angle Inclinometer shows quality of turn Coordinated, slip, skid

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Attitude Indicator – – Provides a horizon reference Hash marks indicate bank angle

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Airspeed – – – Knots or MPH Colored markings Shows aircraft performance

Scanner Course #2 Flight Instruments l Vertical Speed – – – Climb or descent rate Has a lag due to design Use with altimeter

Scanner Course #2 Engine Instruments l Tachometer – – Markings — green arc Indicates power

Scanner Course #2 Other Engine Instruments l Gauges – – – Fuel (accurate at empty) Oil Temperature and Pressure Vacuum and Generator Exhaust Gas Temperature Instruments vary from aircraft to aircraft

Scanner Course #2 Comm, VOR and DME radios l Navigation/Communication Radio – Primary and Standby Frequencies DME Comm 1 Communications Comm 2 Nav 1 Navigation Nav 2

Scanner Course #2 Comm Antennas – – Normally mounted on top One for each radio

Scanner Course #2 Nav Antennas – – “Cat whisker” style One for each nav

Scanner Course #2 Navigation Instruments VOR l VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR-DME, VORTAC) – l ADF Indicates direction to/from ground transmitter relative to magnetic North Automatic Direction Finder (NDB) – Direction toward ground transmitter relative to airplane nose

Scanner Course #2 Other Antennas Loop (directional) ADF Marker Beacon

Scanner Course #2 UHF Antenna Blade type (may be spike) Transponder & DME [If mounted up front, may interfere with DF]

Scanner Course #2 Global Positioning System l Satellite based navigation – – Apollo GX 55 Can provide search pattern course guidance and lat and long of target

Scanner Course #2 GPS Antenna GPS l l Line of sight, so mounted at the very top Comm antennas can interfere with the weak signals, so they are tested for interference

Scanner Course #2 Direction Finding Receiver l Used for electronic ELT searches

Scanner Course #2 CAP FM Transceiver l

Scanner Course #2 Audio Panel

Scanner Course #2 Transponder

Scanner Course #2 Static “wicks” – – – Mitigate buildup of static electricity (interferes with comm) Wings, elevators, vertical stabilizer Take care when walking around

Scanner Course #2 Weight and Balance and Operations

Scanner Course #2 Weight and Balance l l l The wings generate a limited amount of lift Maximum weight for an aircraft is set by the manufacturer Pitch stability is affected by the location of the center of gravity The pilot computes weight and balance and controls it by loading the aircraft correctly -If incorrectly loaded: – the pilot may not be able to raise the nose during take off or – the aircraft may be unstable and difficult or impossible to control in the air

Scanner Course #2 Weight and Balance l Excessive weight adversely impacts performance: – – – l Out of Forward C. G. limits can cause: – – l Longer take off and landing distance Reduced climb performance Reduced ability to withstand turbulence and wind shear forces Reduced up-elevator authority (ability to raise the nose) Can eliminate the ability to flare for landing Out of Rear C. G. limits can cause: – – Reduced down-elevator authority (ability to lower the nose) Can make stall recovery difficult or impossible

Scanner Course #2 Mission Aircraft Operations A CAPF 84 or CAPF 104 must be completed l Altimeter settings will be from a source within 50 NM or the closest source available and updated hourly. l Airspeed will be no lower than 1. 3 times aircraft stall at zero flaps and 30 degrees of bank. l

Scanner Course #2 Mission Aircraft Operations Search altitudes are limited to no lower than 500 feet above the surface (except for counter drug vessel identification). l Search aircraft on missions over water must plan to be over a suitable airfield with at least 90 minutes of fuel on board at normal cruise speed. l