Scaffolding Training Development By Arnold Sanchez Daniel Mc

Scaffolding Training & Development By: Arnold Sanchez, Daniel Mc. Evilly, Trikhm Alsubaie, Cat Winn, and Joe Proby

Objectives of Training: ● General scaffold regulations (OSHA Standards) ○ OSHA 1926. 454 (Employee Training) ● Types of scaffolding (Supported, Suspended, Aerial) ● Common hazards of scaffolding ● Scaffolding hazard mitigation

Scaffolding Temporary elevated platforms and their supporting structures

General Scaffolding Regulations

General Load Capacity OSHA 1926. 451(a) ● Supported Scaffolds ○ Must be able to support its own weight + 4 X planned load ● Suspended systems ○ EACH ROPE and connected system must support 6 X intended max load ● Adjustable hoists ○ The Stall Load MUST NOT EXCEED 3 X rated load.

Load Capacity continued: Duty level Load capacity is also dependent on duty levels ● ● ● Light duty ○ 25 pounds per square foot Medium duty ○ 50 pounds per square foot Heavy duty ○ 75 pounds per square foot

Access OSHA 1926. 451(e) ● Bottom rung not more than 24” above scaffold support level ● Stairway-type ladders’ bottom step no more than 24” above scaffolding supporting level ● Slip resistant surfaces on steps and landings ● The ends of stair-rail systems and handrails are not projected hazards.

Access Do’s and Don’ts Allowed ● ● ● Use of Rated attachable ladders Climb End Frames Access Scaffold from another surface NOT Allowed ● ● Use cross braces as ladders Do not jump on platforms

Frequency of Scaffolding Hazards (Jeremiah Wooten, 2018) ● In 2018, Scaffolding was #3 ● Scaffolding has been high on the list for years. ● 65% of construction employees work on scaffolding frequently. ● About 4500 injuries and more than 60 deaths per year. ● 2019, Scaffolding still at #3 (2813 violations)

Types of Scaffolding Supported Scaffolding, Suspended Scaffolding , and Aerial Lifts

Supported Scaffolding The most common type of scaffold: ● ● ● Primarily used for construction. Most common variant is the frame scaffold. Stationary scaffold, taken down once exterior work is finished.

Supported Scaffold Construction

Foundations OSHA 1926. 451(c) A stable foundation is required for all working platforms. It cannot sink into the ground. A stable foundation has all uprights bearing on either: ● ● Baseplates and mud sills. Baseplates and another firm foundation. ○ ● Concrete may sometimes be used as a foundation. Uprights must be plumb.

Platforms OSHA 1926. 451(b) ● Walking space must be 18’’ wide in all possible areas. ○ ● When impossible, usage of guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems is required. The platforms must be fully decked and planked. ○ ○ Gap between units cannot exceed 1’’ Openings between platform and uprights cannot exceed 9. 5’’

Platorms 2 Spacing and Overlap Different jobs have maximum distances from the scaffolding platform and the work-face. ● ● ● General maximum - 14 inches. Plastering/Lathing - 18 inches. Outrigger Scaffold - 3 inches. Platform overlap: Planks are allowed to overlap but have certain requirements. ● Overlap must take place over a support and be at least 12 inches. ○ If less than 12 inches they must be cleated or nailed together

Platorms 3 Material Selection Wood ● Wood is allowed but cannot be painted UNLESS ○ ○ Painting edges only for marking Covering wood with transparent, nonslip finishes for preservation and fireprotection. Metal ● ● May be used alone, or together with wood if structural integrity is maintained. Do Not mix metals unless no major galvanic action occurs.

Supported Scaffold Height regulations. OSHA 1926. 451(c) ● Ties, guys, and braces with scaffold manufacturer’s recommendations ● Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than 4: 1 ● Platform width of 3 ft or less must have support every 20 ft or less ● 4: 1 height ratio needs guys, ties, and braces must be attached at each end and not exceed 30 ft horizontally.

Supported Scaffold Conclusion A proper supported scaffold will have the following criteria

Suspended Scaffolding Criteria: ● ● platforms suspended by ropes, or other non-rigid means, from an overhead structure. normally supported on all four sides with ropes. other means can also be adopted, such as metal chains. ideal in situations where tall structures are involved.

Types of Suspended Scaffolding Three most common types used 1. Single-point adjustable 2. Two-point or swing stage 3. Multi-level adjustable Two-point or swing state Multi-level adjustable Single-point adjustable

Suspended Scaffold Regulations ● ● ● Suspension scaffold support must be able to support 4 times the typical load. 1926. 451 (d)(1) Suspension scaffold outriggers beams should be made of structural steel in order to prevent movement. 1926. 451(d)(2) Inboard ends of outrigger beams should be stabilized by bolts or other direct connections to the floor, roof, etc. or they should have them stabilized with counterweights. 1926. 451(d)(3) ○ Masons’ multi-point adjustable suspension shall NOT be stabilized by counterweights.

Suspended Scaffold Conclusion A proper suspended scaffold will have the following criteria

Aerial Lifts Aerial Lift Criteria As per 1926. 453(a)(1) : ● ● Lifts acquired before January 22, 1973 shall not be used after January 1, 1976 unless modified in accordance to ANSI A 92. 2 -1969 Lifts acquired for use after January 22, 1973 shall be constructed in accordance to ANSI A 92. 2 -1969

Aerial Lifts Types of Aerial Lifts: ● Scissor lifts ● Articulating boom lifts ● Boom lifts ● Trailer mounted boom lifts ● Telescopic boom lifts ● Vertical personnel lifts

Aerial Lift Regulations 1926. 451(g)(1) ● ● Fall protection or fall arrest systems ○ Attached to boom or basket 10 feet above a lower level Employee on a single-point/twopoint adjustable suspended scaffold Protected by personal fall arrest or guardrail Aerial lift basket

Common Hazards of Scaffolding and their Mitigation

Case Study: Austin Scaffold Collapse One worker was killed another Injured: Reasons: ● ● ● Overloaded scaffolding No proper fixing or suspension resulted in fall No brakes to control Requirements needed that would have avoided collapse ● ● Each Scaffolding components must be capable of support 4 x the maximum intended load on the scaffold Working levels must properly planked and decked Proper supported Scaffolding required For suspended Scaffolding operating brakes and an emergency brake or locking pawl is required Message : ● Always follow OSHA standards to avoid accidents and never customize or overload the scaffoldings

Common Hazards of Scaffolding ● ● ● Absence of poor anchorage Falls from elevation Collapse of the scaffold Falling objects Electrocution

Absence of Proper Anchorage ● ● ● No proper anchorage may result in the scaffold collapsing. Employees may be injured or killed by the collapse, property may be damaged or destroyed. Those in the vicinity of the working area may be crushed or struck by falling debris. Violation of OSHA standard 1926. 451(d)(3)(ix) (OSHA, n. d. )

Absence of Proper Anchorage Mitigation ● ● Work should not start until the anchorage is tested and confirmed Always consider proper and manufacturer approved anchors Make a survey of scaffolding before usage Replace rusted or weak parts

Fall Hazard The Problem ● ● There is always risk that a worker will slip and fall while on scaffolding Falling employees can be seriously injured or killed OSHA’s requirement 1926. 451(g)(1) ● Fall protection must be used at heights including and above 10 feet.

Fall Hazard Mitigation ● The usage of fall prevention for scaffolding has two main solutions ○ ○ ● ● Fall arrest systems (Harnesses) Guard Rails For supported scaffolding, all sides of the platform must either have fall arrest systems or guard rails on all sides For Suspended scaffolding: Guard rails AND fall arrest must both be used.

Collapse of Scaffold Hazard ● Weak or rusted scaffolding ○ Rusted scaffoldings can break and result in fall of the structure ○ Again employees can be severely hurt ○ Even surroundings can be damaged by the collapse Violation of OSHA standard 1926. 451(f)(4) (OSHA, n. d. )

Collapse of Scaffolding Mitigation ● ● ● It is important that principal contractors, scaffolding contractors and employers assess the risks and develop, implement and maintain appropriate risk control measures. Make a survey of scaffolding before usage Replace rusted or weak parts

Falling Object Hazard The Problem ● Dropping tools, materials, or other objects ○ Many individuals have been injured or killed due to being struck by materials or tools that have fallen from scaffold platforms. These people must be protected from falling objects

Falling Object Hazard Mitigation ● ● Toe boards must be implemented, with a height of 3 ½ ‘’, at heights over 10’, on all open sides, and where workers pass under, helps to prevent falling objects. Scaffold screens further aid in this as they help to prevent debris from falling on workers below.

Electrocution Hazard ● ● Workers using conductive tools or materials Contact with overhead power lines ○ Workers making contact with overhead power lines while moving or erecting scaffolds

Electrocution Mitigation ● ● ● Employers, contractors, and workers should comply with the current OSHA regulations for working with scaffolds near energized power lines Scaffolds should not be used or moved within the following minimum clearance distances from exposed, energized power lines ○ 3 feet for insulated power lines of less than 300 volts ○ 10 feet for insulated power lines of 300 volts or more and all uninsulated power lines 10 feet + 4 inches for every 10 k. V over 50 k. V

Video on Scaffolding Safety

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