Save Electricity Save Money Save the Earth Make

Save Electricity Save Money Save the Earth

Make it Work For You

Division of Community Assistance Programs and Activities b Financial Assistance § Clean Water Revolving Loan for local governments § Drinking Water Revolving Loan for local governments § Water and Wastewater Financing Board § Utility Management Review Board § Solid Waste Grants Program for local governments

Division of Community Assistance Programs and Activities § Fleming Training Center § Training and Certification of drinking water and wastewater plant operators § Planning Assistance § Solid Waste Plan Monitoring Program

Division of Community Assistance Programs and Activities § Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance Assistance § Recycling Programs America Recycles Day § State Employee Recycling Program § Wood Waste (Composting, Mulching, Etc. ) §

Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance Assistance § Pollution Prevention Programs Tennessee Pollution Prevention Partnerships § Pollution Prevention (general, government, schools) § § § Household Hazardous Waste Program Scrap Tire Management Program Landfill Methane Outreach Program Waste Oil Recycling Program

Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance Assistance § Small Business Assistance • A technical, administrative and regulatory support program on pollution issues for small business – Circulation of regulatory and other information – Work with trade Associations Training Workshops

Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance Assistance § Small Business Assistance – Permitting Assistance – Explaining Clean Air Act Amendment Requirements – Notifying affected industry of new regulations – Help with technical & compliance problems

§ Prevention, Reduction, Recycling, and Compliance Assistance § Small Business Assistance –Referrals –Advocate for small business during regulatory process –Development of brochures, manuals, fact sheets, etc. – Training

Why Practice Energy Conservation ? ~ Saving energy prevents pollution ~ Saving energy also saves money

Pollution Prevented ~ Every Kilowatt-hour saved prevents þ 1. 5 lbs. of carbon dioxide (one of the Greenhouse Gases) Û 5. 8 Grams of sulfur dioxide (one of the leading causes of acid rain) Ù 2. 5 Grams of nitrogen oxides (one of the main components of smog)

Energy Production ~ To produce $100 worth of electricity M 1700 lbs. of coal are mined þ 2500 lbs. of carbon dioxide is produced (Greenhouse gas) Û 21. 3 lbs. of sulfur dioxide is produced (acid rain) Ù 9. 2 lbs. of nitrogen oxides are produced (smog)

Ways You Can Save Money Through Energy Conservation = Replacing older lights with more efficient lights = Replacing incandescent lights with new compact fluorescent lights = Replacing older appliances with Energy Star Labeled products.

Determine your savings $ $ Compile the previous 12 months of bills Compare to bills after the upgrade Spot metering Account for expansion

Retrofitting and Upgrades $ $ Retrofitting is upgrading a fixture, room, or building by installing new parts or equipment Upgrading refers replacing older items with newer items that are better than the original item

Five Steps of Energy Star Upgrades T Lighting T Building Tune-up T Load Reduction T Heating and Cooling Distribution T Heating and Cooling Plant

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices b Properties of Lights b Measures of Lighting Quality b Ballasts b Other Lighting Related Upgrades b Disposal and Recycling

Lighting Upgrade Methods á Determine whether maintenance or capital á Determine different lights (fluorescent, compact fluorescent, metal halide) á Measure light levels

Three main principles to lighting upgrades ² Efficient production and delivery of light ² Target light levels ² Lighting controls

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices

Lighting Choices ¯ Fluorescent Tube lamps ¯ Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL) ¯ High Intensity Discharge lamps (HID) ¯ Halogen lamps ¯ Incandescent

Fluorescent Tube Lamps g. Most commonly used for large office type areas g. Not very effective for lighting high ceiling areas g. Very commonly used therefore reasonably cheap g. New tubes contain less mercury and meet EPA mercury standards

Reading a Fluorescent light F 32 T 8 F - indicates Fluorescent 32 - is the wattage T - indicates it’s a tube 8 - refers to diameter in 1/8 of an inch

Alto lamps are some of the newer T 8 lamps that also meet the EPA mercury standard

Compact Fluorescent lamps (CFL) Z Last longer and use less energy (about 1/4 th) than incandescent bulbs Z Can be used in most all locations that incandescent bulbs can be used Z High-Bay compact fluorescent luminaires can be used for high ceiling areas Z Most not capable of dimming or starting at low temperatures

Example of a High Bay CFL Fixture

High Intensity Discharge (HID) c Includes Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, and High Pressure Sodium lamps c Traditionally used for high ceiling applications and street lights c Extremely efficient especially as compared to incandescent lights

Halogen Lamps á Longer lasting than incandescent and more efficient á Good choice when CFLs cannot be used á Dimmable, operate in low temperatures, good for spot lighting á Provide a nice "sparkle" for highlighting retail (most often used on jewelry)

Incandescent bulbs F Only five percent of energy put into an incandescent bulb is converted to light. F Operate on principle of resistance, the least efficient method

Just what are the numbers? In Tennessee the average cost of electricity is about $0. 063 per k. Wh ü Most businesses use indoor lighting 3650 hours a year. ü Here is an example comparing the costs of operating a F 40 T 12 lamp as compared to a F 32 T 8 lamp (and a F 32 T 8 lamp combined with a 75% output ballast) ü

Example Calculation ü 1 F 40 T 12 lamp costs: ü 1 lamp x 40 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x 1 k. Wh/1000 watts x $0. 063/k. Wh = $9. 20/year ü 1 F 32 T 8 lamp costs (w/ 75% ballast): ü 1 lamp x 32 watts/lamp x 3650 hours/year x 1 k. Wh/1000 watts x $0. 063/k. Wh = $7. 36/year ($5. 52/year) ü Savings of $220. 75/year ( $448. 40/year) for replacing 120 lamps

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices b Properties of Lights

Properties of Lights b Color rendering b Color temperature b Life Expectancy b Efficacy

Color Rendering Index (CRI) b The CRI is a relative scale indicating how perceived colors match actual colors. b 75 -100 CRI is excellent color rendition b 0 -55 CRI is poor color rendition b Most T 8 lamps have a CRI of 75 -85+ b Cool white T-12 lamps have a CRI of 62 b CFLs have a typical CRI of 82 -86

Color Temperature b Color temperature refers to the degree of "warmth" or "coolness" provided by a lamp b Lower temperatures are considered "warm" because they are reddish. b Higher temperatures are "cool" and look bluish. b Warm lights are generally around 2700 K b Cool lights have a "temperature" of around 4100 K

Life Expectancy b Measured in hours of expected operation b Incandescent bulbs are rated at 750 to 2000 hours b Fluorescent lamps last 7500 to 24000 hours, 10 times as long as incandescents b Ballasts may last as long as 40, 000 to 100, 000 hours

Efficacy b Efficacy is a measure of light output compared to energy consumption (measured as lumens/watt) b Incandescent bulbs typically have a low efficacy of 6 to 24 lumens/watt b Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 50 to 100 lumens/watt b HID lamp efficacies range from 25 to 180

T-12 lamps with magnetic ballasts are a technology that hasn't changed much since fluorescent lights were introduced in 1940

Advances in technology like the newer T-8 lamps with electronic ballasts provide significant improvements in quality and energy efficiency

Why are T-8 lamps better than T 12 s? b T-8 lamps use about 20% less energy than older T-12 lamps. b T-8 lamps usually have greater color rendering.

How do CFLs compare to incandescent bulbs b CFLs use about 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs b CFLs last ten or more times as long, reducing maintenance hassles b CFLs don't produce as much heat which will lower cooling costs b Can estimate what wattage CFL to use by dividing incandescent wattage by 4

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices b Properties of lights b Measures of Lighting Quality

Measures of lighting quality 4 Average light level 4 Uniformity of illumination 4 direct/reflected glare 4 color rendering 4 color temperature

Recommended Light Levels

Adjusting light levels b Decrease Light level • delamping • partial output ballasts • lower wattage b Increasing Light Level • Use reflectors • clean luminaire • Upgrade lens or louver

Delamping b Delamping is simply the removal of one or more lamps in a fixture b One of the simplest and cheapest energy saving methods b Problems to watch for: light levels too low, wiring scheme such that remaining lamps no longer work, and "snap-back"

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices b Properties of lights b Measures of Lighting Quality b Ballasts

Ballasts b Ballasts are used with discharge lamps such as HIDs and fluorescent lamps b Provide correct starting voltage and then reduce the current once started b Match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp

Points to consider about Ballasts b Electronic vs. Hybrid and Magnetic Ballasts b Number of lamps per Ballast b Series vs. Parallel wiring b Rapid-start or instant start b Power Quality (ballast factor, power factor, THD)

Electronic Ballasts b Electronic ballasts improve fluorescent lamp efficacy by increasing the input frequency. b This produces the same amount of light while using less power b Also decreases audible noise and lamp flicker

Hybrid Ballasts b Also known as cathode-cutout ballasts b Are high-efficiency magnetic ballasts with electronic components that cut off power to the cathode heater after the lamp is lit b Nearly as efficient as some rapid-start electronic ballasts

Number of lamps b Electronic ballasts can be found that operate three or four lamps at once b Allows for tandem wiring, using the same ballast to operate two lamps in two different fixtures b Most magnetic and hybrid ballasts only operate two lamps

Series vs. Parallel wiring b Series wiring schemes cause all lights to go out in that fixture if one light goes out b Parallel wiring keeps all lights lit even if one should go out

Rapid start vs. instant start b Rapid start ballasts have a warm-up time between first being switched on and full output b Instant start ballasts provide a higher starting voltage for no warm-up time b Instant start ballasts provide slight increases in efficiency and output b Lamp life is decreased some with instant start ballasts. Dependent on time on

Ballast Factor b Ballast factor is the ratio of the lamp's output vs. its standard output b Partial output ballasts have a ballast factor of 0. 47 to 0. 83 b High output ballasts can have a ballast factor of 1. 00 to 1. 30

Power Factor b Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power b Power factors result from the current and voltage being out of phase with each other b The closer the power factor is to one the closer the power is to being in phase

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) b Harmonics can cause interference in some sensitive equipment b Can also induce hazardous currents in neutral wiring, increasing chance of fire b Electronic ballasts have a THD from 5% to 30% with some going lower than 5%

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices b Properties of lights b Measures of Lighting Quality b Ballasts b Other Lighting Related Upgrades

Other Lighting related Upgrades b Luminaire upgrades b Exit Signs b Lighting controls

Luminaires b Luminaire refers to the actual fixture consisting of the lamps, lamp sockets, ballasts, reflectors, lenses or louvers, and the housing b Upgrades include delamping, adding reflectors, and changing the lens

Reflectors b Delamping is often combined with the addition of reflectors b Factors having the greatest affect on improvements due to reflectors are • Reflector material • Reflector design • Efficiency of the base luminaire

Lens/Louver Upgrades b Lens completely cover the luminaire (the most common is the prismatic lens) b Louvers refer to covers such as small cell parabolic louvers b Both types affect visual comfort (glarecontrol) and luminaire efficiency

Other options b In cases where several luminaire components are going to be replaced, consider a completely new fixture b Indirect luminaires are an option in partioned office space or where computers are commonly used b Task lighting with delamping

Exit Signs b Several low energy exit sign retrofit/upgrades are available b LED exit signs can last for many years and use only 4 W as compared to 30 W b Another option is electroluminescence

Lighting controls b Controls include daylighting, occupancy sensors, timers b Timers could be useful in offsetting heavy use equipment to lower demand charges b Demand charges are determined by energy use at peak time and are often very high

Upgrading Lighting b Methods and Principles b Lighting Choices b Properties of lights b Measures of Lighting Quality b Ballasts b Other Lighting Related Upgrades b Disposal and Recycling

Lighting recycling and disposal b Fluorescent lamps contain mercury and are usually classed as a hazardous waste b Guidelines controlling lamp and ballast disposal are RCRA and CERCLA b Recycling provides a safe means of disposal, limits liability, and is environmentally responsible

L&C Tower upgrade b They replaced the older F 40 T 12 lights with F 32 T 8 Phillips Alto lamps b The old ballasts were replaced with Magnetek 4 lamp instant start electronic ballasts at 75% output b Payback of about two years with savings estimated at over $40, 000 per year and a 41% reduction in electrical usage b Prevented over 450 tons of CO 2

Building Tune-up b Just like a car, buildings need maintenance to keep them operating efficiently b Cleaning filters and checking thermostats and timers are a couple of routine checks b Keep track of monthly bills. Excessive increases might indicate a problem

Energy Star Equipment b Energy Star labeled equipment can reduce energy use due to special features like sleep mode and low power standby mode.

Typical Savings with Energy Star

Other energy saving practices b Encourage machines to be turned off for the night or weekend if they are not needed b Use double sided printing and copying b Insulate water heaters, consider ondemand water heaters b Clean refrigerator coils

Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems b HVAC Terminology b Types of Heating Systems b Tennessee Average Fuel Costs b Relative Costs Corrected for efficiency b Types of Air Conditioning Systems b Relative costs corrected for efficiency b Practical applications

HVAC Terminology b British Thermal Unit • • ( BTU ) Unit of heat energy 1 BTU raises 1 pound of water 1 deg. F b Watt • • Unit of electrical energy Volts X Amps =Watts 1 watt -hour =3. 410 BTU 1 kilowatt hour = 1000 watt - hour =3410 BTU b Ton of refrigeration = 12, 000 BTU/Hr

HVAC Terminology b Energy Efficiency Ratio • • ( EER ) Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt 8 EER Window unit pumps 8 BTUs per watt of electric power used b Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio • • ( SEER ) Measure of air conditioner efficiency BTU/Watt 16 SEER Central unit pumps 16 BTU per watt of electric power used

HVAC Terminology b Annual Fuel Use Efficiency • ( AFUE ) Furnace BTU out/BTU in b Coefficient of Performance • ( COP ) Electric Furnace or Heat Pump watts out/watts in b Heat Source Performance Factor • Electric heat BTU out /watts in ( HSPF)

Types of Heating Systems b Solar • MTSU Center for Energy Efficiency b True Geothermal b Electric b Combustion (rare in Tennessee]

Electric Power Rates b 50 Kilowatt Service or less • ~6. 2 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge b Larger than 50 Kilowatt service • • • ~3. 1 cents per kilowatt-hour energy charge ~$11 per kilowatt demand charge Demand is the highest 15 minute average power consumption during the billing period.

Common Heating Systems Electric b Electric Resistance COP = 1. 0 b Air Source Heat Pump COP ~ 2. 5 • Also air conditions b Geo. Exchange Heat Pump • Also air conditions COP ~ 3. 5

Electric Resistance Heating Heaters and Electric Furnaces b Hot wire heating elements b Lowest initial cost b Highest energy cost b Cost can be exorbitant if on demand billing

Electric Resistance Heating on Demand Billing b 250 Kw electric boiler = $2750 per month plus $7. 50 per hour b 15 Kw Residential Size Electric Furnace $165 per month plus $0. 45 per hour b 9. 0 Kw water heater = 99. 00 per month plus $0. 27 per hour

Common Heating Systems Combustion b Gas engine driven heat pump COP = 1. 3 b Gas Combustion Furnace • AFUE ~78 - 95% Natural or Propane b #2 Oil Combustion Furnace AFUE ~80 - 85%

Gas Engine Driven Air Source Heat Pump b One model only York Triathlon b Estimated Heating COP ~1. 3 b Estimated AC SEER is 15. 7 b Uses R-22 CFC refrigerant b Higher maintenance may be justified by electrical demand reduction.

Gas Furnace b Least maintenance of combustion systems b New 90 + AFUE condensing furnaces recover latent heat from water in flue gas b Some do not require flue, can vent through pipe. More flexible installation

Oil Combustion Furnace b Slightly less efficient than best gas units b Slightly higher burner maintenance b Higher installed first cost (oil tank) b Liability if underground tank b Waste oil heaters available which burn used motor oil.

Common Cooling Systems b Evaporative ( Swamp Cooler) b Absorption b Vapor Compression • • • Gas Engine Air Source Heat Pump Geo. Exchange Heat Pump

Evaporative Cooling b Lowest cost b Sprays water directly into airstream b Raises humidity instead of lowering it b Not effective when humidity is high b Industrial applications such as furnace rooms and dry cleaners where air conditioning is impossible.

Absorption Air Conditioning b Old proven technology b Can be run on any heat source b Reduce peak electrical demand b Low maintenance b Do not use CFC refrigerants b Chilled water units only 3 -1000 tons

Natural Gas Engine Driven Chillers and Heat Pumps b May be most cost effective when gas is cheap. b High maintenance on internal combustion engine b One small 3 ton+ package unit available which is a heat pump. (Triathlon)

Air Source Heat Pumps Advantages b Most widely used here b Service readily available b Newer units have SEER competitive with Geo. Exchange b Highest efficiency to date is 18 SEER in a split system

Air Source Heat Pumps Advantages b Some new high efficiency units available with new 410 a HFC ozone safe refrigerant. b Carrier/Bryant/Day and Night b Rheem/Ruud ( Puron) ( Prozone ) b Lower first cost than geoexchange

Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages b Heating efficiency drops in cold weather when needed most b Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers deteriorate b More complex because of reversing for defrost cycle b High maintenance and noise b Use resistance heat during defrost b • Not good if on demand billing

Air Source Heat Pump Efficiency Loss

Air Source Heat Pumps Disadvantages b Heating efficiency drops in cold weather when needed most b Efficiency decreases as heat exchangers deteriorate b More complex because of reversing for defrost cycle b High maintenance and noise b Use resistance heat during defrost b • Not good if on demand billing

Geo. Exchange Heat Pump Advantages b Lowest total life cycle cost b Least overall pollution ( EPA Study ) b Lowest maintenance • • Small - No heat exchanger cleaning Large - No boiler or cooling tower maintenance b Highest efficiency b Least noise b Expected longest life ( indoor installation)

Geo. Exchange Heat Pump Advantages b Sizes from 1/2 to over 1000 tons b Installation flexibility • • Many small units on one loop allows individual control at small cost premium -or. One large unit b Retrofits may use some existing equipment

1995 Residential and Light Commercial Energy Costs Electricity LP Gas Heating Oil Natural Gas $ per million BTU $17. 33 11. 72 9. 74 6. 60

Heating Costs Corrected for Efficiency ( $ per million BTU )

Cooling Costs Corrected for Efficiency

Lowest Cost /Least Polluting Units b Geoexchange heat pump/water heater b High efficiency gas furnace and high efficiency electric AC ( split system ) Gas water heater b High efficiency electric heat pump Gas water heater

News You Can Use Decrease Solar Load b Plant trees ! b Whole house fan b Adequate Attic Ventilation b Adequate insulation b Awnings over windows b Light colored roofs b Light colored blinds/shades/window film

News You Can Use Maintain Systems b Clean and comb heat exchangers • Pull disconnect Beware double feed b Replace and tighten screws on cabinets b Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces b Timed thermostats

News You Can Use

News You Can Use Maintain Systems b Clean and comb heat exchangers • Pull disconnect Beware double feed b Replace and tighten screws on cabinets b Seal ducts in unconditioned spaces b Timed thermostats

Check Equipment Ratings

Use the Energy Star web site http: //www. epa. gov/energystar/

Tennessee Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption Corrected for Economic Growth

Resources for more information b EPA's Energy Star Program on the web at www. epa. gov/energystar. html b Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation at www. state. tn. us/environment b TVA at http: //www. energyright. com/ b Pacific Northwest National Labs at http: //www. pnl. gov/cfl/

More resources b U. S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Resources Network at http: //www. eren. doe. gov/ b Lawrence Berkley Labs Home Energy Saver at http: //hes. lbl. gov/ b Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium at http: //www. ghpc. org/ b ASHRAE at http: //www. ashrae. org/

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