SATELLITE SYSTEM Mirza Muhammad Waqar Contact mirza waqarist

SATELLITE SYSTEM Mirza Muhammad Waqar Contact: mirza. waqar@ist. edu. pk +92‐ 21‐ 34650765‐ 79 EXT: 2257 RG 610 Course: Introduction to RS & DIP

Contents 2 Satellite Remote sensing Remote Sensing Process Sensor types Major satellites system Resolutions Low Resolution Satellite Systems Medium Resolution Satellite Systems High Resolution Satellite Systems

Satellite Orbits § § § § Polar‐orbiting, sun‐synchronous. approx 800‐ 900 km altitude, 90‐ 100 minutes/ orbit, round the Earth in a polar direction and with each orbit pass over the equator about 30 degree west of the previous orbit. Geostationary (geo‐synchronous). approx 35, 900 km altitude, 24 hrs/orbit stationary relative to Earth. traveling at the same speed as the rotation of the Earth.

Characterizing the Resolutions o o o With respect to Spatial resolution: High spatial resolution: < 4 m Medium spatial resolution: 4 m ‐ 30 m Low spatial resolution: > 30 m With respect to Spectral resolution: High spectral resolution: > 15 bands Medium spectral resolution: 3 ‐ 15 bands Low spectral resolution: < 3 bands With respect to Temporal resolution: High temporal resolution: < 3 days Medium temporal resolution: 3 ‐ 16 days Low temporal resolution: > 16 days

High Resolution Satellite Systems Sensors Satellite/ Sensor Ikonos Space Imaging, USA SPOT France Quick Bird Digital Globe, USA Geo. Eye 1 Geo. Eye, USA World‐View 1 Digital Globe, USA Orb. View‐ 3 Orb. Image, USA

Ikonos 6 System Ikonos Orbit Sun‐synchronous, 681 km Sensor Optical Sensor Assembly (OSA) Swath 11 km Revisit Time 1‐ 3 days Spectral Bands (µm) 0. 45‐ 0. 52 (1), 0. 52‐ 0. 60 (2), 0. 63‐ 0. 6 69 (3), 0. 76‐ 0. 90 (4), 0. 45‐. 90(PAN) Spatial Resolution (4), 0. 45‐. 90(PAN) 1 m (PAN), 4 m (bands 1‐ 4)

Ikonos image 7 1 m IKONOS view of Dubai

Ikonos Image 8 1 m IKONOS pan image of Rome

SPOT 9 • • • SPOT (Systeme Pour l’ Observation de la Terre) SPOT 1 launched 1986, decommissioned and the reactivated in 1997 SPOT 2 launched 1990, still going SPOT 3 launched 1993 and stopped functioning 1996 SPOT 4 launched in 1998, still going SPOT 5 launched in 2002

SPOT series 10 Satellite Launched Sensors Revisit(nadir Viewing) SPOT 1 1 Feb 1986 HRV 1 & HRV 2 26 days SPOT 2 Dec 1990 HRV 1 & HRV 2 26 days SPOT 3 Sept 1993 HRV 1 & HRV 2 26 days SPOT 4 March 1998 HRV 1 & HRV 2 26 days SPOT 5 May 2002 HRV 1 & HRV 2 26 days

SPOT 11

SPOT 5 Satellite Image ‐ Manchar, Pakistan 12

Medium Resolution Satellite Systems and Sensors 13 Satellite / Sensor Landsat National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration (NASA), USA MODIS NASA, USA ASTER NASA, USA IRS India

LANDSAT 14 First started by NASA in 1972 but later turned over to NOAA.

LANDSAT series 15 Satellite Launched Status Sensor Revisit LANDSAT 1 July 23, 1972 expired, January 6, 1978 RBV, MSS 18 days LANDSAT 2 January 22, 1975 expired, February 5, 1982 RBV, MSS 18 days LANDSAT 3 March 5, 1978 expired, March 31, 1983 RBV, MSS 18 days LANDSAT 4 July 16 , 1982 decommissioned, June 15, 2001 TM, MSS 16 days LANDSAT 5 March 1, 1984 TM still operational! MSS instrument decommissioned TM, MSS 16 days LANDSAT 6 October 5, 1993 Lost at launch ETM LANDSAT 7 April 15, 1999 operational despite Scan Line Corrector (SLC) failure May 31, 2003 ETM+ 16 days

LANDSAT 7 16 System Landsat‐ 7 Orbit Sun‐synchronous, 705 km Sensor ETM + (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) Swath 185 km Revisit Time 16 days Spectral Band (µm) 0. 45‐ 0. 52 (1), 0. 52‐ 0. 60 (2), 0. 63‐ 0. 69 ( 3), 0. 76‐ 0. 90 (4), 1. 55‐ 1. 75 (5), 10. 4‐ 12. 5(6), 2. 08‐ 2. 34(7), 0. 50‐ 0. 90 (PAN) Spatial Resolution 15 m (PAN), 30 m (bands 1‐ 5, 7), 60 m ( band 6)

Spectral band of Landsat 17 1 0. 45‐ 0. 52 (Blue) Coastal water mapping, sediment mapping, pollution & haze detection 2 0. 52‐ 0. 60 (Green) Chlorophyll reflectance peak, vegetation species mapping, vegetation stress 3 0. 63‐ 0. 69 (Red) Chlorophyll absorption, plant species differentiation, biomass content 4 0. 76‐ 0. 90 (NIR Vegetation species and stress, biomass content, soil moisture 5 1. 55‐ 1. 75 (SWIR) Vegetation‐soil delineation, urban area mapping, snow‐cloud differentiation 6 10. 4‐ 12. 5 (TIR) Vegetation stress analysis soil moisture and evapotranspiration mapping, surface temperature mapping 7 2. 08‐ 2. 34 (SWIR Mineral and rock type mapping, water‐body delineation, vegetation moisture content mapping 8 0. 50‐ 0. 90 (PAN) Medium‐scale topographic mapping, image sharpening, snow‐ cover classification

LANDSAT Imagery 18 shows wetlands, urban, open water, forest

Low Resolution Satellite Systems 19 Geostationary Meteosat European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) GOES United States' National Weather Service (NWS) operations, NOA GMS The National Space Development Agency of Jap an (NASDA) and the Japan Meteorological Agen cy, Japan Polar orbiting NOAA Series NOAA, USA Feng Yun Series (polar orbiting) China Meteorological Administration, China

Meteosat 20

Meteosat Geostationary meteorological satellites Operator: EUMETSAT Start of Program: 1977 Three Phases: • –Meteosat Operational Program (MOP) 1977 ‐ 1995 • –Meteosat Transition Program(MTP)1995‐ 2004 • –Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) 2004 onwards Current satellite Meteosat‐ 9 (MSG‐ 2)

Meteosat System Meteosat‐ 8 Orbit Geostationary Sensor SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced VIS and IR Imager) Swath Full Earth Disc Revisit Time 15 minutes Spectral Bands (µm) 0. 5‐ 0. 9 (PAN), 0. 6, 0. 8 (VIS), 1. 6, 3. 9 (IR), 6. 2, 7. 3 (Water Vapor (WV)), 8. 7, 9. 7, 10. 8, 12. 0, 13. 4 (TIR) Spatial Resolution 1 km (PAN), 3 km (all other bands)

Meteosat imagery 23 West Africa dust storm

Spatial, Spectral & Temporal Resolution

Spatial, Spectral & Temporal Resolution

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Questions & Discussion