Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell Girls Erie Canal

Samuel Slater Francis Cabot Lowell Girls Erie Canal Chapter 11: North and The South Take Different Paths Why did Americans take different paths in the early 1800’s? Pictures From: http: //www. cottontimes. co. uk/cottonpix/Slater%20 Samuel%202. jpg , http: //www. historycentral. com/bio/nn/Livingston. William. jpg , http: //z. about. com/d/inventors/1/8/_/R/mill_girls. jpg , http: //cache. eb. com/eb/image? id=95673&rend. Type. Id=4

John Deere Section 1: The Industrial Revolution How did the new technology of the Industrial Revolution change the way Americans lived?

A Revolution in Technology • Late 1700’s early 1800’s Industrial Revolution begins • It begins in Britain • Industrial Revolution: Machines take the place of many hand tools. Much of the power provided previously by horses and people begins to be provided by machines.

Industrial Revolution Cont. • War of 1812 forces the US into The Industrial Revolution • In Britain Richard Arkwright invents the water frame, a spinning machine powered by running water • His invention helps speed up the weaving process • Factories are built on the banks of fast moving rivers

Industrial Revolution • The water run machines build into what is known as The factory System- workers and machines brought together in one place • Capitalists: people who invest capital (money) in a business to make a profit

Steam Power • Richard Arkwright soon found that having factories on river banks had disadvantages • When river banks dried up so did the working factory • Most factories were far from cities making it hard for workers to get to and from them

Steam Power • 1790 Arkwright builds the first steam powered factory in England • This helped build up cities • Now factories could be built anywhere, they did not have to be just by the water

American Industrial Revolution • 1789 Samuel Slater becomes an apprentice to Arkwright • Samuel Slater was the father of the Factory System in America • Samuel Slater memorized the parts and blue prints to recreate the factories in America • Slater got monetary backing from Moses Brown (Pawtucket, RI)

American Industry Grows • Slater came to America in the 1790’s. • The Industrial Revolution did not grow in America until the War of 1812 when the British blockaded US ports • Lowell MA- Francis Cabot Lowell starts a factory after he returns from visiting England • Lowell Mills in Waltham, MA

Industrial Revolution. Gradually, machines took the place of many hand tools. Much of the power once provided by people and horses began to be replaced, first by flowing water and then by steam engines.

Spinning Jenny- speeded up the thread making process Factory system- brings workers and machinery together in one place capitalists- people who invest capital or money in a business to earn a profit

steam engine- reliable source of power, factories no longer had to be built on riverbanks, use the energy created by boiling water to push rods and wheels

Samuel Slater-memorized the plans of machines, constructed spinning machine entirely from memory

Francis Cabot Lowellopened mills in Massachusetts for spinning and weaving Lowell Girls-worked in factories, lived in boarding houses and received an education

mass production-rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects interchangeable parts identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers, manufacturing became more efficient, the price of goods dropped

factory life (ages and conditions)- employed children as young as 7, working conditions became harsher, unsafe conditions, poorly lit, little fresh air, many workers were injured, workdays lasted 12 -14 hours

Lowell Mills: “Lowell Girls” • Lowell created a factory that used Steam Power • Lowell mills spinning and weaving were done in one building, whereas in Britain there was a factory for spinning and one for weaving Pictures From: http: //www. uh. edu/engines/epi 1245. htm , http: //nhs. needham. k 12. ma. us/cur/baker_00/baker_1800_soc/baker_ko_ca_mo_p 4/lowell__a_cas e_study. htm , http: //ocw. mit. edu/ans 7870/11/11. 001 j/f 01/lectureimages/4/image 22. html

Child Labor • • Children began working in the factories Paid less than adults Worked long hours No schooling Could not go out and play Lots of responsibility Got injured easily

Eli Whitney • Whitney invented Interchangeable parts • Interchangeable parts- identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers Pictures from: http: //industrialrevolutionresearch. com/eli_whitney. php ,

Elias Howe Cyrus Mc. Cormick John Deere Samuel F. B. Morse Section 2: The North Transformed How did urbanization, technology, and social change affect the north? Pictures From: http: //student. britannica. com/eb/art/print? id=66935&article. Type. Id=0 , http: //www. vahistorical. org/sva 2003/mccormick 01 b. jpg ,

Northern Cities • 1790 NYC Pop. 33, 000 • New York was still much smaller than an average city in Europe • Cities soon grow because of the building of factories and the Industrial Revolution Pictures From: http: //www. archives. gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-101. jpg

Growth of Cities • Urbanization (growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities) • Agricultural workers become attracted to working in the factories once it becomes too hard and not profitable to farm in the Northeast • Immigrants start coming from Germany and Ireland cities soon become crowded

Urban Problems • • • Filthy Streets Sewage Problems Spreading of Diseases Poor Drinking Water Overcrowded living conditions Fires/not safe living conditions Pictures from: http: //kclibrary. nhmccd. edu/tenement. gif ,

The Growth of Northern Industry Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph Cyrus Mc. Cormick Mechanical Reaper Elias Howe Sewing Machine John Deere Steel Plow Robert Fulton Steam Boat The Clermont

A New Wave of Immigrants • By the 1840’s U. S population was growing rapidly • Most immigrants were coming from western Europe • Germany- because of Revolution • Ireland- because of a Potato Famine

Reaction Against Immigrants • Americans were worried about the growing foreign population • Nativists- people who wanted to preserve the country for white, American born Protestants • Nativists especially opposed Irish immigrants because many of them were Catholics • Nativists Start the “Know-Nothing” Party • Know-Nothing Party ends over the issue of slavery

African Americans in the North • Even more than Immigrants, A-A are discriminated in the North • Discrimination- the denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people • By early 1800’s slavery was over in the North • A-A still could not get jobs, vote, or own land, learn to read or write • It was also difficult for them to get jobs

Section 3: The Plantation South How did cotton effect the Social and economic life in the South?

“The Cotton Kingdom” • South remains RURAL • **COTTON, COTTON** • 2 Events Really shape why the South remains focused, fixated, obsessed with cotton • 1. Industrial Revolution creates a large demand for cotton • 2. ELI Whitney’s invention The Cotton Gin

Slave Auctions • Many times masters would sell off family members as a form of discipline • To grow more cotton you need more slaves • The Invention of the cotton gin allowed the plantation owners to grow more cotton • 1790 - 680, 000 slaves • 1860 - 4, 000 slaves • Prices of slaves increase 10 or 20 Times

Slave Labor • Cotton becomes the GREATEST source of wealth in the United States • Planters grown 1 and a half MILLION pounds of cotton in 1790. • In 1820 they grow 10 TIMES that amount • Cotton Kingdom extends from Georgia through Texas

Southerners Defend Slavery • Most Southern Whites defended slavery • They used pieces from the bible saying that it was their right to lead the blacks in the right path • Northern Manufacturers also wanted slavery to exist • Plantation owners also defended slavery by saying that it was more humane than the laborers who worked in the factories

Social Class System Owned 5 or more slaves 8% “Cottonocracy” Owned 1 -4 Slaves 8% 50% of Whites OWNED NO SLAVES Poor White farmers Free A-A 2% 32% Enslaved African Americans

The Plantation South – Free African Americans had laws against them, they could not go to school, vote, serve on juries or testify in court Freedmen were often captured and sold into slavery The laws against the slaves were called slave codes – – • Some slaves had skilled jobs, most did heavy farm labor – – they were often whipped Families were broken apart because they were sold

The Plantation South – Although the import of slavery was illegal by 1808, slaves still kept African customs, music and dances Turner Revolt was led by Nat Turner and said that he had a vision to kill whites – • He and other killed about 60

The Challenges of Growth Section 4 How did Americans move west, and how did this intensify the debate over slavery?

Moving West • 1750’s The Scotch-Irish and the Germans of Pennsylvania began settling west, toward the Appalachian Mountains • Daniel Boone- Famous Pioneer. 1775 Boone and 30 men cleared a road to the west, “The Wilderness Road. ” • Due to immigrants moving to the west, between 1792 to 1819 eight states joined the Union: Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama.

Roads and Turnpikes • Early roads began as paths for animals. • Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads. Travelers would stop and pay at stations in order to pass. • 1795 - A private company builds a turnpike between Lancaster and Philadelphia, called The Lancaster Turnpike, the first long distance stone road in the United States. • Corduroy roads- Roads made of sawed off logs, laid side by side. • The National Road- The first federally funded road, built from 1811 to 1850, stretched from Maryland to Virginia to Illinois.

Canals • Canal- A channel that is dug across land filled with water. • Canals were the fastest and cheapest way to ship goods.

The Extension of Slavery • 1819 - The US consisted of 11 “free states” and 11 “slave states. ” Missouri, a new state wanted to be admitted as a slave state, but would throw off the balance. • In 1819 it was proposed that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, but would be the last slave state to be admitted. • The bill passed in the House of Representatives but failed in congress due to southern senators fear of the end of slavery.

The Missouri Compromise • 1820 - Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, keeping the balance. The compromise also stated that the territory of Louisiana would be free of slavery. Escaped slaves could be captured in free states and brought back to slave states.

A Continuing Problem • South vs. North- The Missouri Compromise was supposed to balance the interests of the north and south. Southerners were upset that congress had given itself the power to make laws about slavery. Northerners were upset that slavery had spread to another state.