SAMUEL de CHAMPLAIN Champlain Born in Brouage France

SAMUEL de CHAMPLAIN

Champlain Born in Brouage, France 1567. (Bay of Biscay) n 1599 voyaged to the West Indies and Spanish America. n 1603 sailed to Canada under the command of Pontgrave a captain and early explorer and fur trader. Ship “Bonne Renommee” - 120 tons) n

Mouth of the Saguenay Pontgrave led the trading. n Champlain took notes on everything: canoes, lodge construction, flora, fauna, witch doctors, cannibalism, burial customs, the snow shoe, Indian conception of creation… n “After God made all things, He took a number of arrows and stuck them into the ground, and from them he created men and women…” n

1603 natives tell Champlain of a great salt sea to the north. (Hudson Bay will be discovered in 1610. ) n With Pontgrave, Champlain travels up the St. Lawrence in search of Hochelaga. (Stadacona has disappeared) n At Mont Royal the natives talk of a great salt sea to the west. (Pacific? ) n

n 1603 Champlain returns to France. The King’s Chief Minister Rosny considered New France to be a waste of money. Colonies had to pay for themselves.

SECOND VOYAGE TO NEW FRANCE Under the command of De. Monts, Champlain sailed to the New World as a geographer and mapmaker. n Set up St. Croix on Dorset Island as the capital of New France. (On the border of New Brunswick and Maine) n The ruin was later accepted as the border between the US and Canada. n

The St. Croix site was chosen strictly for defensive purposes. n Lack of wind protection in winter. n Little firewood. n Winter extremely cold. n Of the 75 men at St. Croix, 35 died and 25 were nearing death from scurvy when spring arrived. (1605) n 1753 James Lind discovered lemons, limes, cabbages and potatoes cured scurvy n

SPRING AT ST. CROIX Champlain maps to the south (Cape Cod) n July 21, went ashore to get water, natives envied the French iron pots used to carry water. n French sailor attacked. Pot stolen. n French grab a native hostage but the natives answered with a hail of arrows. A sailor was killed in the exchange. Champlain fired his musket but it blew up in his face almost killing him. n

It is agreed that the land south of St. Croix was too dangerous for settlement… (left open for British) n Winter camp is switched to Port Royal across the Bay of Fundy. Port Royal was the first of all settlements to last. n

PORT ROYAL

CHAMPLAIN’S 3 rd VOYAGE 1608 three ships set sail. To Acadia, to Quebec, to trade in St. Lawrence. n Pontgrave arrived at Tadoussac a week before Champlain. A Basque group was already trading with the natives. n Basques fired cannons at Pontgrave, wounding him. His vessel is disarmed. n

TADOUSAC

Champlain arrived but it was decided not to attack the Basques. n Champlain carried on to Quebec where a fort would be built. n Basques did not want the French to build a fort. n Basques plot to kill Champlain. n

1608 Quebec

1628 Quebec

Champlain was to be killed in a fake native attack. n Four of Champlain’s men joined the conspiracy. n One of the conspirators informed Champlain. n First trial in Quebec. n

The leading conspirator (Duval) was found guilty, strangled and beheaded. His head was placed at the end of a pike and placed at the highest point of the fort. n Pontgrave sailed to France with the rest of the conspirators. n

FEBRUARY 1608 n Scurvy struck in February. Of Champlain’s 28 men only 8 survived. Of those 4 were sick. . .

ALLIANCE WITH ALGONQUINS Champlain promises the Algonquins to help them against the Iroquois. n No furs = no profits = no colony. n 3 French + 60 Algonquin against 200 Iroquois. French win because of muskets. Torture captives. n Discover Lake Champlain. n

FIVE IROQUOIS NATIONS

FIGHTING THE IROQUOIS

CHAMPLAIN MARRIES December 30, 1610 n Champlain 43, n Helene Boulle 12 n Successful marriage? Champlain was back in Canada that spring… n Returned to France in 1611. n

SAM + HELENE

THEY’VE FOUND THE PACIFIC? ? ? While in France, Champlain heard that the Western Ocean was only 17 days journey from Mont Royal. n The English were trading in the Western Ocean. (? ) Hudson 1610 -11 n Champlain returned to Quebec. 1613. (Champlain’s 11 th crossing. ) n He found the stories were fabrications. n

ANOTHER IROQUOIS WAR n Champlain attacked the Iroquois using European methods. n Massive failure. n Champlain wounded twice. . .

HEBERT: THE FIRST SETTLER n Champlain brought in the first true settler into New France. n Louis Hebert, his wife, two daughters and son.

Champlain took 3 native children as his own. Faith, Hope and Charity. Ages 11, 12, 15 n Cardinal Richelieu had taken over personal supervision of New France. n Champlain was named Commander and Richelieu’s personal representative in New France. n The Company of 100 Associates was set up committing to send 400 settlers a year. n

1628 WAR WITH BRITAIN n Britain and France at war. n The first detachment of 200 settlers were captured by Sir David Kirke. n The English sailed to Quebec, captured Quebec, Champlain and Pontgrave without a fight. n New France became English for four years.

GIVE IT BACK! King Charles I of England owed France money and offered Canada in lieu of cash. n May 22, 1633 Champlain returned to New France and rebuilt Quebec. n Champlain ordered exploration looking for the Western Ocean. n

HAVE THEY RETURNED? Christmas 1635, Champlain still waiting to hear whether or not the exploration of a route to Cathay was successful, died. n His last words, “Have they returned? ” n He had built up New France but considered himself a failure. . . n

1632 NEW FRANCE

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