Sampling Techniques Cluster MultiStage Snowball Sampling By Kalyani
Sampling Techniques Cluster Multi-Stage Snowball Sampling By: Kalyani Joglekar, Niyati Shah,
Content Outline • Cluster Sampling • Multi-Stage Sampling • Snowball Sampling
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Content Outline • Introduction • Steps • Purpose/Context • Examples • Advantages • Limitations
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Introduction Population Into Clusters • Type of Sampling Technique: Probability Sampling Technique
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE STEPS OF SAMPLING ANIMATION See the Following Animation and Guess the Steps to be followed while using Cluster Sampling Technique
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE STEPS OF SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE STEPS OF SAMPLING 1. Choose the target population
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE STEPS OF SAMPLING 2. Divide the population in clusters
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE STEPS OF SAMPLING 3. Randomly choose the clusters
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE STEPS OF SAMPLING 4. Consider all participants in the cluster as sample for research
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Purpose/ Context • Natural Setting • List of Population Element • Accessibility to Every Sample
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Example 1 • Aim and Objective: To Study Stress Level among Pre-School Teachers in Maharashtra • Target Population: Pre-Primary School Teachers of Maharashtra • Sampling Technique: Cluster Sampling Technique. • Tool: Rating Scale
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Example 1 Maharashtra as state is divided in cluster
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Example 1 Districts Chosen: Mumbai, Thane, Nagpur, Wardha, Solapur and Sangli
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Example 2 • Aim and Objective: To Study Leadership Qualities among 8 th and 9 th Standard Students in Sub-Urban Mumbai • Target Population: Students in 8 th and 9 th Standard in Sun-Urban Mumbai • Sampling Technique: Cluster Sampling Technique. • Tool: Questionnaire
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Example 2 • Divide the Population of Students in 8 th and 9 th Students in clusters according to their School Address and Station. • Randomly choose Station/ Stations from Where you will Collect Data. • Visit Schools and Collect Data from every student in standard 8 th and 9 th.
CLUSTER SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Advantages and Limitations Advantages • Data from Large Sample Spread across location • Cost-Effectiveness Limitation • Generalizability Constraints • Availability of Information
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Content Outline • Introduction • Steps • Purpose/Context • Examples • Advantages • Limitations
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Introduction Simple Random Sampling Connivance Sampling Stratified Sampling Multi Stage Sampling Cluster Sampling Quota Sampling Systematic Sampling
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Introduction Combination of Several Sampling Technique • Type of Sampling Technique: Probability Sampling Technique
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING ANIMATION See the Following Animation and Guess the Steps to be followed while using Muli-Stage Technique
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING 1. Determine Sample required Study Required Sample R Current Stage of research/ Researcher
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING 2. Identify Population Elements Required to Obtain Data from Sample Element 2 Element 1 R Element 3
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING 3 Design stages to Closer Elements (Larger Elements) to Farther Elements (Smaller Elements) to reach Sample S 1 S 2 S 3 R Task: Arrange Elements to Reach Required Sample S 1: Stage 1 S 2: Stage 2 S 3: Stage 3
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING 4 Chose sampling technique for each stage. Task: Technique you will Follow to Sample Elements S 1 S 2 S 3 R t 2 t 3 S 1: Stage 1 S 2: Stage 2 S 3: Stage 3 t 1: S. Technique 1 t 2: S. Technique 1 t 3: S. Technique 1
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING 4 Follow steps of each sampling technique to obtain appropriate data from required sample. S 1 S 2 S 3 R t 2 t 3 Task: Technique you will Follow to Sample Elements S 1: Stage 1 S 2: Stage 2 S 3: Stage 3 t 1: S. Technique 1 t 2: S. Technique 1 t 3: S. Technique 1
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING Simplifying Steps Of Multi Stage Sampling (Example) Stages to Get Data From 4 th to 6 th Standard Students Quota Sampling School Purposive Standards Simple Random Students
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Purpose/Context • Process has Multiple Samples/ Stage • Application of Several Sampling Technique is suitable to attain most appropriate results
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Example 1 • Aim: Impact of Social Media on Teenagers in Maharashtra • Target Population: Teenagers • Sampling Technique: Multi-Stage Sampling Technique • Tool: Pre-Test, Interventions, Post. Test
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Example 1 Stage 1 Divide Population into Several Clusters– Cluster Sampling Technique
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Example 1 Stage 2 Randomly Choose Samples from Each Cluster– Simple Random Sampling
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Example 2 • Aim: To Study Perception of Adolescents on Swatch Bharat Abhiyaan • Target Population: Adolescents from Across the Country • Sampling Technique: Multi-Stage Sampling Technique • Tool: Survey Questionnaire
Multi-Stage Sampling Technique Advantage and Limitations Advantages • Efficient • Flexible • Convenient Limitation • Time Consuming
Discussion: Cluster Sampling & Multiple Sampling The team of the Educational Journal wants to study the extent to which the professors in the country use Internet and Communication Technology in their colleges. The authorities have limited resources. Hence they want sample. They want to make sure that all the parts of the country are represented well in the sample. The Journal team has requested the department to give them a detailed explanation of the sampling methods which they can use to do their research flawlessly.
Discussion: Cluster Sampling & Multiple Sampling AIM: To Study Extent to which Professors use Internet and Communication Technology TARGET POPULATION: Professors in college across the country SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: (Multi Stage Sampling Technique) TOOL: (Online Survey)
Snowball Sampling Technique
Snowball Sampling Technique Content Outline • Introduction • Steps • Purpose/Context • Examples • Advantages • Limitations
Snowball Sampling Technique Introduction Playing Tag/ Saakli Metaphoric Terms Snowball Passing the Bucket
Snowball Sampling Technique Introduction WHY IS IT CALLED SNOWBALLING? • Type of Sampling: Non-Probability Sampling
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING ANIMATION See the Following Animation and Guess the Steps to be followed while using Snowball Technique
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING STEP 1: Develop list of criteria and characteristics of sample from whom data needs to be collected. Researcher List of Criteria and Characteristics of Sample Amount of Data Collected
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING STEP 2: Find one or two sample fitting the criteria for sampling from population available for providing required data
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING STEP 3: Once data is collected, request the sample for reference of more samples similar to them, from whom data can be collected.
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING STEP 4: Contact the referred sample and collect data from them, once data is collected ask for more references of sample.
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING STEP 4: Contact the referred sample and collect data from them, once data is collected ask for more references of sample.
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING STEP 4: Contact the referred sample and collect data from them, once data is collected ask for more references of sample.
Snowball Sampling Technique STEPS OF SAMPLING And In this Way, Researcher Keeps Collecting Data, till they reach amount of Required Data (Sample Size)
Snowball Sampling Technique Purpose and Context • Lack of Time • Availability of Reference • Interconnection Among Population • Researches on Social and Sensitive Issues
Snowball Sampling Technique Example 1 • Aim: To compare difference in parent’s behaviour towards their special child and normal child • Target Population: Parents of Special Children. • Sampling Technique: Snowball Sampling Technique • Tool: Questionnaire
Snowball Sampling Technique Example 1 • Criteria for sample: Couple who has two children, one who is special child and second who is normal child. Both children should be of school age. • Approach any couple whom you know fits the criteria and request them to provide you with data. • After collecting data from them, request them to provide you with reference of other couple, who will fit in criteria. (Parent/Couple may also request other couple to provide you with data). • And so on you keep approaching different couple, until you collect required amount of data.
Snowball Sampling Technique Example 2 • Aim: Measure Stress Level Among Aged in Old Age Homes • Target Population: Old People Living in Old Age Homes. • Sampling Technique: Snowball Sampling Technique • Tool: Interview
Snowball Sampling Technique Advantages and Limitations Advantages • Simple • Reach sample which maybe difficult to Locate Limitation • Reluctance to refer • Generalizability Constraints
Snowball Sampling Technique Discussion The news-paper team wants to study the reasons of school failures and drop outs in present scenario. For their research they want educational counselors to be their respondents. There is no sample frame available of such people. But the team knows two such persons. The news-paper team has requested the department to give them a detailed explanation of the sampling method so that they can do their research flawlessly and understand why they should use the suggested method.
Snowball Sampling Technique Discussion • Aim: To find out reasons for School Failures and Dropouts • Target Population: Educational Counsellor • Sampling Technique: Snowball Sampling Technique • Tool: (Interview)
Summary Point of Differentiation Sampling Technique Meaning/Main Steps Mainly Used/ Purpose Cluster Sampling Mutli-Stage Sampling Snowball Sampling Probability Sampling Divide Population into Cluster Collect Data from Divide Sampling References You Process into get from Other Stages Sample Population is Divided over Large Geographical Location Multiple Sampling is required with Multiple Stages Collecting Data from Population who are Difficult to Reach Time-Consuming Reluctance in Referring Major Limitation Availability of Information of Every Sample Non-Probability Sampling
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