Salvete discipuli Chapter VII Independent Subjunctive Uses Review

Salvete, discipuli! Chapter VII: Independent Subjunctive Uses

Review Sessions § Monday, 10/12 @ 4 -5: 30 in SZB 524 § Tuesday, 10/13 @ 5: 30 -7 in WAG 208 § Thursday, 10/15 @ 1 -2: 30 in CAL 221

Independent Uses 1. Hortatory/Jussive 2. Deliberative 3. Potential 4. Optative

Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive The Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive expresses a strong suggestion or exhortation. (1 st person = Hortatory, 2/3 rd = Jussive) It typically is translated with the word “Let” or “May” in English To negate the Jussive/Hortatory, use the particle nē. Pecūniam nautīs demus = Let’s give money to the sailors. Pius vīvat, vīvat impius interficatur! interficatur = Let the pious man live, let the impious man die! Romam eāmus, eāmus mī amīcī! = Let’s go to Rome, my friends! Nē Romanī verī ex hostibus fugiant, fugiant sed eōs pugnent! pugnent = Let true Romans not flee from the enemies, but fight them!

Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive In the 2 nd person, the Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive can be used as a more polite command than the imperative. It typically is translated just like the imperative in English. In addition to the present tense, which indicates the cessation of an action, one can use the perfect tense to create a simpler command. Ne eōs servōs liberetis, liberetis mī amīcī! = Don’t free those slaves, my friends! Nē virōs ad bellum sine armīs duxeris = Don’t lead the men to war without arms. Fēr tuum librum meae matrī, Brute. = (Please) bring your book to my mother, Brutus.

Translation Practice Examples: 1. Hostēs malōs vīcerimus aut ā eīs interfectī simus! 2. Nē sine mē, patrēs conscriptī, cōnsilium capiatis.

Independent Uses 1. Hortatory/Jussive 2. Deliberative 3. Potential 4. Optative

Deliberative Subjunctive The Deliberative Subjunctive is used to deliberate actions. One of the most prevalent uses is the rhetorical question. It is translated as “might”, “would” or “could” in English. The present tense is used to deliberate present/future actions; the imperfect tense is used to indicate deliberations in the past. To negate a deliberative subjunctive, use the particle “nōn”. Ubi cum meīs fortunīs malīs vivam? vivam = Where might I live with my bad fortunes? Quid faceres? faceres = What would you have done?

Translation Practice Examples: 1. Quid ad rēgīnam scrībat? 2. Ubi cum meō filiō domum faciam? O amīca, tuum cōnsilium des.

Independent Uses 1. Hortatory/Jussive 2. Deliberative 3. Potential 4. Optative

Potential Subjunctive The Potential Subjunctive is used to describe a possible or potential action. It is typically translated into English by supplying the preposition “might”, and “would”. In the present or perfect tense, tense the potential subjunctive denotes a possibility in the present or future However, in the imperfect, imperfect it denotes a possibility that existed in the past To negate the potential subjunctive, use the particle “nōn”. Urbem cum mīlitibus bonīs vincamus. = vincamus We would conquer the city with good soldiers. Ad īnsulam vela daremus, daremus sed puellās pulchrās vīdimus. = We would have set sail to the island, but we saw the beautiful girls. Cum rēgīnā acerba nōn pugnāverim = I wouldn’t fight with the harsh queen.

Translation Practice Examples: 1. Dē eīs errārēs. 2. Sine gladiō pugnāre nōn potuerim.

Independent Uses 1. Hortatory/Jussive 2. Deliberative 3. Potential 4. Optative

Optative Subjunctive The Optative Subjunctive is used to talk about wishes. It is translated as “would”, “were” or “had” in English. The present tense is used to describe future wishes; the imperfect tense is used to describe present unfulfilled wishes; the pluperfect tense is used to describe past unfulfilled wishes. Many times, an “utinam” introduces the Optative. (sometimes “ut”) To negate a deliberative subjunctive, use the particle “nē”.

Optative Subjunctive Rōmae vīvimus. Rōmae vīvāmus! Utinam Rōmae vīvāmus! We live in Rome. Let’s live in Rome. Would that we live in Rome! Rōmae vīveremus! If only we were living in Rome! Rōmae vīxissemus! If only we had lived in Rome!

Translation Practice Examples: 1. Utinam deī bonam fortunam mihi dent! 2. Tū ibi fuisses! 3. Valeat, valeat, cīvēs meī! 4. Utinam mē audīrēs!

How to determine the Subjunctive use? Punctuation Deliberate Subjunctive has a “? ” Potential, Jussive/Hortatory and Optative have a “. ” or “!” Negation Deliberative and Potential use “nōn” Jussive/Hortatory and Optative use “nē” Context “Let” versus “might” versus “would” Utinam = Optative Tense Jussive/Hortatory: Present/Perfect Potential: Present/Perfect/Imperfect Optative: Present/Imperfect/Pluperfect

homework? Translation Practice VII