Salamander reproduction Internal spermatophore or external fertilization Most

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Salamander reproduction • Internal (spermatophore) or external fertilization • Most oviparous • Most breed,

Salamander reproduction • Internal (spermatophore) or external fertilization • Most oviparous • Most breed, lay eggs in water • Most have larval stage (tadpole) • Few have parental care • Complex courtship, pheromones spermatophore

Courtship in Ambystoma talpoideum

Courtship in Ambystoma talpoideum

Salamander diversity

Salamander diversity

Variable characters within Caudata • External/internal fertilization (w spermatophore) • Costal grooves • Ribs

Variable characters within Caudata • External/internal fertilization (w spermatophore) • Costal grooves • Ribs unicapitate/bicapitate • Paedomorphic characters – Gills – Absence of eyelids – Tailfin, webbed feet • Chromosome number, amount of DNA

Sirenidae • two genera, 4 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic external gills,

Sirenidae • two genera, 4 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic external gills, lack eyelids • nonpedicellate teeth • lack pelvic girdle, hindimbs • aquatic • external fertilization

Sirenidae • two genera, 4 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic external gills,

Sirenidae • two genera, 4 species • SE USA • elongate, paedomorphic external gills, lack eyelids • nonpedicellate teeth • lack pelvic girdle, hindimbs • aquatic • external fertilization

Cryptobranchidae • Andrias (2 sp: China, Japan), Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (E USA) • paedomorphic lidless

Cryptobranchidae • Andrias (2 sp: China, Japan), Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (E USA) • paedomorphic lidless eyes, (internal) gills, absence of tongue pad • aquatic • largest amphibians (1. 8 m) • external fertilization

Amphiumidae • • • one genus, 3 species SE USA elongate, paedomorphic: lack eyelids,

Amphiumidae • • • one genus, 3 species SE USA elongate, paedomorphic: lack eyelids, tongue; have (internal) gills pedicellate teeth retain both pairs of limbs (and girdles), but small limbs aquatic up to 1. 1 m long internal fertilization female parental care Two-toed amphiuma Amphiuma means

Ambystomatidae • One genus, 32 species • North America • some paedomorphic • hybrids,

Ambystomatidae • One genus, 32 species • North America • some paedomorphic • hybrids, unisexual forms • most terrestrial as adults, some aquatic

Dicamptodontidae • • • one genus, four species NW USA large, up to 17

Dicamptodontidae • • • one genus, four species NW USA large, up to 17 cm SVL eats terrestrial vertebrates facultative metamorphosis

Proteidae • two genera, six species • Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Eastern USA • aquatic

Proteidae • two genera, six species • Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Eastern USA • aquatic • paedomorphic, external gills, tail fin

Plethodontidae • • • 27 genera, 433 species Americas, Italy, S Korea nasolabial groove

Plethodontidae • • • 27 genera, 433 species Americas, Italy, S Korea nasolabial groove lack lungs diverse – Fossorial, terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal – Webbed feet, ballistic tongue, prehensile tail • well-studied for speciation

Plethodontidae • • • 27 genera, 433 species Americas, Italy, S Korea nasolabial groove

Plethodontidae • • • 27 genera, 433 species Americas, Italy, S Korea nasolabial groove lack lungs diverse – Fossorial, terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal – Webbed feet, ballistic tongue, prehensile tail • well-studied for speciation

Plethodontidae • • • 27 genera, 433 species Americas, Italy, S Korea Nasolabial groove

Plethodontidae • • • 27 genera, 433 species Americas, Italy, S Korea Nasolabial groove lack lungs diverse – Fossorial, terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal – Webbed feet, ballistic tongue, prehensile tail • well-studied for speciation

Salamandridae • 21 genera, 97 spp • N America, Europe, Asia, N Africa •

Salamandridae • 21 genera, 97 spp • N America, Europe, Asia, N Africa • Newts • poisonous skin, aposematic coloration • some with terrestrial eft stage

Rhyacotritonidae • • One genus, four species Pacific NW USA old growth coniferous forests

Rhyacotritonidae • • One genus, four species Pacific NW USA old growth coniferous forests internal fertilization Hynobiidae • • Nine genera, 43 species Asia external fertilization lungs reduced to absent

Caudata phylogeny • Duellman & Trueb (1986) – Parsimony, 30 morph characters • Larson

Caudata phylogeny • Duellman & Trueb (1986) – Parsimony, 30 morph characters • Larson and Dimmick (1993) – 29 morph characters, 177 n. DNA, parsimony • Gao and Shubin (2001) – 60 morph characters, 177 n. DNA, parsimony; incl. fossil taxa • Weisrock et al. (2005) – mt. DNA, n. DNA (~1300 chars); parsimony, ML, Bayesian • Wiens et al. (2005) – Morph chars (~300), n. DNA, mt. DNA; parsimony, ML, Bayesian • Frost et al. (2006), Pyron and Wiens (2011)

Pyron and Wiens 2011

Pyron and Wiens 2011

Anura (Salientia): Frogs

Anura (Salientia): Frogs

Anura (Salientia): Frogs 6509 species

Anura (Salientia): Frogs 6509 species

Synapomorphies of Anura • • • urostyle lack tail fused tibia and fibula fused

Synapomorphies of Anura • • • urostyle lack tail fused tibia and fibula fused ulna and radius hindlimbs > forelimbs Nine (or fewer) presacral vertebrae

Frog reproduction general

Frog reproduction general

Frog reproduction general

Frog reproduction general

Tadpole metamorphosis • Digestive gut shortens; stomach forms • Tadpole mouthparts disappear; replaced by

Tadpole metamorphosis • Digestive gut shortens; stomach forms • Tadpole mouthparts disappear; replaced by teeth, etc. • Movable eyelids • Lungs form • Cartilaginous skeleton replaced with bone • Tail resorbed • Limbs form

Tadpole types Grace Orton • Type 1: Pipidae + Rhinophrynidae • Type 2: Microhylidae

Tadpole types Grace Orton • Type 1: Pipidae + Rhinophrynidae • Type 2: Microhylidae • Type 3: Ascaphus, Leiopelma, Bombinatoridae, + Discoglossidae • Type 4: all other frogs Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4