SALAAM UNIVERSITY PATHOLOGY Mr Ahmed Abdirizak Yusuf INTRODUCTION
SALAAM UNIVERSITY PATHOLOGY Mr. Ahmed Abdirizak Yusuf
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
The core aspects of diseases in pathology � The word pathology came from the Latin words “patho” & “logy”. ‘Patho’ means disease or suffering and ‘logy’ means study � therefore pathology is a scientific study of disease. Diseases may, in turn, be defined as an abnormal variation in structure or function of any part of the body. Pathology gives explanations of a disease by studying the following four aspects of the disease. 1. Etiology, 2. Pathogenesis, 3. Morphologic changes 4. Functional consequence
what is pathology? � Pathology is the study of structural and functional changes which occurs in cells and tissue as result of injuries, abnormal stimuli or genetic abnormalities and consequences for the organism � "Pathology deals with knowledge of what causes disease, how disease starts, progresses & it explains the reason for signs and symptoms of patient"
Basic Language of Pathology In order for a subject or course to be meaningful, one should become familiar with the basic terminology applicable to that subject.
Branches of Pathology l General Pathology l Systemic Pathology l Gross Pathology l Cellular Pathology l Surgical Pathology l Clinical Pathology l Immunopathology
Learning Pathology: � General Pathology � Common changes in all tissues. e. g. . Inflammation, cancer, ageing, edema, hemorrhage …. etc. � Systemic Pathology � Discussing the pathologic mechanisms in relation to various organ systems e. g. CVS, CNS, GIT…. . etc.
Etiology �Etiology: (alternatively aetiology) is the study of causation. �The word "aetiology" is mainly used in medicine, where it is the science that deals with the causes or origin of disease, the factors which produce or predispose toward a certain disease or disorder.
Pathogenesis � Pathogenesis means the mechanism through which the cause operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestations. The pathogenetic mechanisms could take place in the latent or incubation period. Pathogenesis leads to morphologic changes.
Morphologic changes � The morphologic changes refer to the structural alterations in cells or tissues that occur following the pathogenetic mechanisms. The structural changes in the organ can be seen with the naked eye or they may only be seen under the microscope. Those changes that can be seen with the naked eye are called gross morphologic changes & those that are seen under the microscope are called microscopic changes.
Cont. . � Both the gross & the microscopic morphologic changes may only be seen in that disease, i. e. they may be specific to that disease. Therefore, such morphologic changes can be used by the pathologist to identify (i. e. to diagnose) the disease. In addition, the morphologic changes will lead to functional alteration & to the clinical signs & symptoms of the disease.
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES: l Functional results of the morphologic changes, as observed clinically.
Diagnostic techniques used in pathology The pathologist uses the following techniques to the diagnose diseases: a. Histopathology b. Cytopathology c. Hematopathology d. Immunohistochemistry e. Microbiological examination f. Biochemical examination g. Cytogenetic h. Molecular techniques I. Autopsy
� Histopathology: Histopathological examination studies tissues under the microscope. During this study, the pathologist looks for abnormal structures in the tissue. Tissues for histopathological examination are obtained by biopsy. � Biopsy is a tissue sample from a living person to identify the disease. Biopsy can be either incisional or excisional. � Cytopathology is the study of cells from various body sites to determine the cause or nature of disease. � Hematology : This is a method by which abnormalities of the cells of the blood and their precursors in the bone marrow are investigated to diagnose the different kinds of anemia & leukemia.
� Immunohistochemistry: This is a method is used to detect a specific antigen in the tissue in order to identify the type of disease � Microbiological examination: This is a method by which body fluids, excised tissue, etc. are examined by microscopical, cultural and serological techniques to identify micro-organisms responsible for many diseases. � Biochemical examination: This is a method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine, etc.
� Clinical genetics (cytogenetics), This is a method in which inherited chromosomal abnormalities in the germ cells or acquired chromosomal abnormalities in somatic cells are investigated using the techniques of molecular biology. � Molecular techniques Different molecular techniques can be used to detect genetic diseases. � Autopsy is examination of the dead body to identify the cause of death. This can be forensic or clinical purposes.
Health � The World Health Organization (WHO) Defines health as state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. � Illness is the subjective state of nor feeling well, thus its possible to have a disease but not feel ill, because some disease can not cause symptoms ( a symptom is something noticed by the patient).
What is the Disease? � It is the “State in which an individual exhibits an anatomical, physiological, or biochemical deviation from the normal” • Disease may be defined as : an abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body.
Causes of disease � Diseases can be caused by either environmental factors, genetic factors or a combination of the two. a) Environmental factors b) Genetic Factors
Environmental factors Environmental causes of disease are many and are classified into: 1. Physical agents 2. Chemicals 3. Nutritional deficiencies & excesses 4. Infections & infestations 5. Immunological factors 6. Psychogenic factors
Genetic Factors � These are hereditary factors that are inherited genetically from parents. � Idiopathic disease = unknown cause of the disease
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