Safavid n n n n Founder Shah Ismail

Safavid n n n n Founder: Shah Ismail. Took control of Iran/Iraq Called himself shah (king) Shiite Muslim Sent representatives to convert members of the Ottoman Empire. Took Baghdad Massacre of Sunni Muslims

Shah Abbas 1588 -1629 n n n n Golden Age of Safavids Overthrew father then imprisoned him Then killed coconspirator Allied w/Europe (regain lost land) Treaty 1612 Safavids give up territorial gains Azerbaijan returned to the Safavids.

Decline n n n High taxes continuous warfare with Ottomans Afghanistan = conquered Safavids 1722

Know the Map n n n Ottomans in Mediterranean Safavids in Middle East Mughuls in India Religious orthodoxy = pressure to conform to traditional religious beliefs Shah Abbas death = religious orthodoxy increased Women n no more freedom Life of seclusion Wear veil

Mughals n n Founder: Babur United Hindu and Muslim Kingdoms in India Mother = descendant of Geghis Khan Armies were smaller BUT had: n Better weapons n Artillery n Efficient use of resources

Mogul Empire

Akbar n n n n n Akbar = Great was the grandson of Babur’ Controlled most of India with: n Artillery n Negotiation Known for: Humane character of his rule Religious tolerance Married Hindu princess Zamindars = Low ranking Hindus Paid by keeping part of taxes Part of the toleration of government administration

Art n The “Akbar style” included: n Combined Persian and Indian influences n Humans in action n Imitated European art forms n Perspective n Lifelike portraits n Commissioned artists from Persia and Europe to teach Indians n The Taj Mahal = best example of Mogul architecture.

Women n n Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in political matters. They could own land do business. Had restrictions of Islamic law i. e. isolation of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families. A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul rule

Decline n n British = major influence Sir Robert Clive = representative of British East India Company n n n Took Bengal B. E. I. C. took control of Indian trade Taxed lands around Calcutta The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against the British. The British moved inland. Trade brought money to the British.