Russian Revolution Russian Government Before Revolution n n

Russian Revolution

Russian Government Before Revolution n n Monarchy: The Czar (Tsar) Until 1905 the Tsar's powers were unlimited. Russia had no constitution, No political party system to check the Tsar's power A strong secret police which terrorized the people.

Royal Background Nicholas II • Created the first secret police in Russia, brutal leader.

Czar Alexander II • He implemented important reforms, notably the abolition of serfdom. • In 1867, he sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States. • Killed by the Revolutionary Group: The People’s Will

Czar Alexander III • Alexander III's reign was during an industrial revolution in Russia. • His reign was harsh, against revolutionaries and other liberal movements.

Czar Nicholas II (1894) Last Czar of Russia n n Nicholas II was a harsh and weak ruler The Russian economy was bankrupt because of the Russo-Japanese War and WWI Russia’s entry into WWI became very unpopular.

Russia and World War I n n Russia declares war on Austria. Hungary War becomes unpopular Rationing leads to starvation Nicholas II leaves St. Petersburg to war front

March Revolution (1917) n n 1917 - protests spread through St. Petersburg and the Royal palace is taken over. Czar abdicates Provisional government (Duma) takes control lead by Alexander Keresnky Provisional government unpopular after decision to stay in WWI

October (Bolshevik) Revolution 1917 n n Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and Bread” Won support of people (especially peasants)

1918 n 1918 March The Bolsheviks accept the peace of Brest‑Litovsk, ending WWI with Germany.

Rule of Lenin 1920 -1924 n n Economic Reforms included the New Economic Plan (NEP) -moderate mix of capitalism and socialism Political Reforms -Bolshevik party became Communist Party -Russia becomes the United Soviet Socialist Republics

Communism n A Form of Socialism n n Central Planning of the Economy by the State Gov’t (Communist Party) makes decisions on individual jobs and pay

1924 n n n Lenin Dies Power Vaccuum Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin takes control Now must decide how he will maintain power Decides to create a totalitarian state

Characteristics of a Totalitarian State n n n Dictatorship- Absolute Authority Dynamic Leader- Vision for the nation State Control Over All Sectors of Society n n State Control Over the Individual n n n Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, housing, religion, education, the arts Obedience Denies basic liberties Organized Violence n Uses force to crush opposition

Stalin’s Totalitarian State Control of the Economy n n Police Terror n n Control of the individual Propaganda (socialist realism) n n Great Purge, crush opposition Religious Persecution n n 5 year plan, collective farms Molding peoples minds Education n Controlled by the government

Nikita Khrushchev Supporter of Stalin’s Purges Came to Power after Stalin’s Death. Led until 1964. Met Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the author of Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Although Russia still oppressive, some reforms were clearly on the way…

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn n Russian novelist, whose work was suppressed while he lived in Russia. Fierce critic of totalitarianism Brought worldwide attention (and acclaim) for One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, based on his own experiences in the Soviet Union’s forced labor camp system under Stalin