RUMOURS OR PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS CHINESE WHISPERS WHAT

RUMOURS (OR PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS CHINESE WHISPERS). . WHAT DOES THIS SHOW?

AIM OF THIS LESSON IS TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS WHY IS THERE A NEW VACCINE FOR THE FLU EVERY YEAR?

IMMUNE SYSTEM • IMMUNE DISEASES CAN BE CATEGORIES ; • DUE TO UNDERACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM (IMMUNOSUPRESSION / HIV – DISCUSSED AT ANOTHER POINT IN UNIT) • OVERACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM • T CELL ISSUE WHERE LYMPHOCYTES RESPOND TO SELF ANTIGENS/CELLS

AUTOIMMUNIT Y ALLERGY • BODY FAILS TO RECOGNISE • BODY OVER REACTS TO SELF MOLECULES EVERYDAY SUBSTANCE DISPLAYED ON HEALTHY OR A USEFUL ONE CELLS • B LYMPHOCYTES ATTACK • T LYMPHOCYTES ATTACK HARMLESS SUBSTANCE, BODY'S OWN CELLS – CAUSING EXAGGERATED CALLED AUTOIMMUNITY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY MAST • AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES CELLS CAUSED BY T CELLS ATTACKING DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY • EG. . . PENICILLIN / HAYFEVER / WASP STINGS ETC

GROUPS OF 3 PLEASE. . • EACH OF YOU WILL DISCOVER ABOUT AN IMMUNE FAILURE ILLNESS IN A SPECIFIC GROUP • THEN YOU WILL PRESENT YOUR RESULTS NEXT LESSON • 15 MINUTES TOTAL TO DISCUSS AND EXPLAIN ; • 20 MINUTES ON RESEARCH (COMPUTER/ BOOK/ LRC) / COMPILING SLIDES / DIAGRAMS / PICTURES ETC. • 6 MINUTE TUTORIAL / Q & A TIME • 5 MINUTE PRESENTING ORDER/ WHO SAYS WHAT AND SAVING! • 2 MINUTE PACK AWAY

YOU CHOOSE. . . • RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS • TYPE 1 DIABETES • MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) • CHRONES DISEASE • HAYFEVER / ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK • ALLERGIC ASTHMA • ? ? ? YOUR CHOICE ? ? CROHNS DISEASE ? ? ?

GOOD PRESENTATION. . . • WHAT MAKES A GOOD PRESENTATION? • WRITE YOUR SUCCESS CRITERIA WHEN GIVING THIS PRESENTATION. . . • CONTENT ? ? ?

Over to you. . .

DESCRIBE THE INCIDENCE OF -MEASLES (2 MARKS) -TYPE 1 DIABETES (2 MARKS)

DESCRIBE THE INCIDENCE OF -MEASLES (2 MARKS) -TYPE 1 DIABETES (2 MARKS) Measles has been around from mid 1960 where incidence was 100%, the overall trend has decreased to less than 10% in the year 2000 with some key spikes up to 90% in 1965, then uner 20% in 1970, 1975 and finally 1985.

DESCRIBE THE INCIDENCE OF -MEASLES (2 MARKS) -TYPE 1 DIABETES (2 MARKS) Type 1 diabetes was recorded in late 1960 s starting at 100% of immune disorders, with a general trend of increasing to 2000 to just under 300%. There has been some fluctuations year to year.

DEMONSTRATE YOUR UNDERSTANDING • PLACE THE STATEMENTS AS EITHER - TRUE - FALSE. . Children can be vaccinated against autoimmune diseases – this prevents them from getting ill in later life. An autoimmune disease is caused by an overactive immune response in which the body’s own cells are destroyed. Autoimmune diseases can be easily cured with a combination of antibiotics and anti-viral drugs. Chicken pox, CJD, legionnaires’ disease and meningitis are examples of autoimmune diseases. Crohns disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves disease, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases can be caught from close contact with infected people. Treatment of autoimmune disease only serves to alleviate the symptoms, it does not cure the disease. There is no known prevention for autoimmune disease.

TRUE FALSE Crohns disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves disease, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of autoimmune diseases. Chicken pox, CJD, legionnaires’ disease and meningitis are examples of autoimmune diseases. An autoimmune disease is caused by an overactive immune response in which the body’s own cells are destroyed. Autoimmune diseases can be caught from close contact with infected people. Treatment of autoimmune disease only serves to alleviate the symptoms, it does not cure the disease. There is no known prevention for autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases can be easily cured with a combination of antibiotics and anti-viral drugs. Children can be vaccinated against autoimmune diseases – this prevents them from getting ill in later life.

REVIEW; WHAT'S YOUR VIEW?

SUMMARY SLIDE FAILURES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM • Failure in regulation of the immune system leads to a T lymphocyte immune response to self cells (auto immune disease). • Allergy is a hypersensitive B lymphocyte response to an antigen that is normally harmless.

MINI TUTORIALS • SET UP SIMILAR TO UNIVERSITY • SMALLER GROUPS • EXPECT YOU TO COME PREPARED WITH SOME BASIC KNOWLEDGE OR HOMEWORK OR PART OF TASK COMPLETED • TUTOR WILL GIVE OVERVIEW AND THEN AN OPEN QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS • CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINTS (KNEES / FINGERS ETC. ) • CYTOKINES ENHANCE RESPONSE • LOSS OF CARTILAGE • LOSS OF BONE • SWOLLEN JOINTS • EVENTUALLY FUSION OF 2 BONES MAKING MOVEMENT DIFFICULT

CLASSED AS AUTO IMMUNE DISEASE

TYPE I DIABETES (DIABETES MELLITUS) • INSULIN PRODUCING ß CELLS ARE ATTACKED AND DESTROYED BY T CELLS • INHERITANCE LARGE FACTOR, HOWEVER AN UNKNOWN ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGER AS WELL

• MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS T CELLS ATTACK THE FATTY INSULATION OF NERVE CELLS – THE MYELIN SHEATH NODES • UNKNOWN TRIGGER – SUSPECT A POTENTIAL VIRAL AGENT INITIALLY, HOWEVER GENETICS DOES APPEAR TO ALSO PLAY A PART. • MANY DIFFERENT AREAS AFFECTED (MULTIPLE) – NUMBNESS/ WALKING / VISION / CO-ORDINATION – GOOD PERIOD AND BAD EPISODES REPORTED

• CELLS COME INTO CONTACT WITH AIRBORNE ALLERGEN • B CELLS STIMULATED WHICH RELEASE ANTIBODIES • ANTIBODIES ATTACH TO MAST CELLS – RELEASING HISTAMINE • INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TRIGGERED. • ANTI-HISTAMINE DRUG OR ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS AVAILABLE ALLERGIES

ANAPHYLAXIS / ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK • ALLERGEN EITHER INGESTED OR INJECTED • MAST CELLS PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF HISTAMINE – CAUSING PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS TO DILATE, BLOOD PRESSURE DROPS AS FLUID LOST TO TISSUES • ADRENALIN COUNTER ACT SYMPTOMS ONLY

CROHNS DISEASE • CROHN'S DISEASE IS A LONG-TERM CONDITION THAT CAUSES INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. • INFLAMMATION CAN AFFECT ANY PART OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, FROM THE MOUTH TO THE BACK PASSAGE, BUT MOST COMMONLY OCCURS IN THE LAST SECTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE (ILEUM) OR THE LARGE INTESTINE (COLON). CAN LEAD TO MALNUTRITION ISSUES

SUMMARY SLIDE EVASION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - Many pathogens have evolved mechanisms that evade the specific immune system which has consequences for vaccination strategies. - Some pathogens can change their antigens avoiding the effect of immunological memory. - Antigenic variation occurs in diseases like malaria and trypanosomiasis and is one of the reasons why they are still so common in many parts of the world. - Antigenic variation also occurs in the influenza virus explaining why it remains a major public health problem and why at risk individuals require to be vaccinated every year.

SUMMARY SLIDE FAILURES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM -The absence or failure of some component of the immune system results in increased susceptibility to infection. - HIV attacks lymphocytes and is the major cause of acquired immunodeficiency in adults. - Tuberculosis (TB) survives within phagocytes and avoids immune detection.