Ruminants Anatomy In Hinduism the cow is a

Ruminants Anatomy In Hinduism, the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and fully earthy life

Objectives – Chapter 10 • • Zoological classification of Bovine Terminology of Bovine TPR: Bovine Prominent anatomical or physiological properties of the species. – Joints – Dentition • Identify and describe characteristics of common breeds. • GI anatomy • Reproductive anatomy

Big Bertha • Holds 2 Guinness World Records • One for longest lifespan • She lived 48 years! • 1945 -1993 • Only 3 months shy of her 49 th birthday • Even one of her calves lived to be 35 • The other for longest time breeding • She gave birth to 39 calves • She helped raise $75, 000 for cancer research Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

Taxonomy/ Zoological Classification • • Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla – Even – toed ungulate • Family: Bovidae • Genus: Bos • Species: B. tarus B. indicus

Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

Terminology • • • Cow: Mature female Bull: Mature male Steer: Castrated male Heifer: Immature female Calf: Neonate Heifer calf: Neonate female less than one year of age. Can be called first, second, third or fourth calf heifers. • Bull calf: Neonate male younger than 1 year of age • Calving: The act of parturition

Physiological Data • Temperature – 100º F to 102. 5º F • Pulse rate – 40 to 80 per minute • Respiration rate – 10 to 30 per minute • Adult weight – Varies by breed

Anatomical Terms

Types - bones vertebrae and certain facial bones carpal and tarsal bones sternum, ribs, scapula, and certain skull bones humerus, radius, femur, tibia, metacarpals, and metatarsals patella, and proximal and distal sesamoid bones of the digits.

Bovine Skeleton 7, 13, 6, 5 (fused), 18 -20: Olecranon; Ligamentum nuchae

Comparative Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Canine/ Feline 7 13 7 3 6 -23 Equine 7 18 7 5 15 - 21 Bovine 7 13 6 5 18 - 20 Porcine 7 14 - 15 6 -7 4 20 - 23 Ovine 7 13 6– 7 4 16 - 18

types of vertebrae • • • NAME----REGION-----BEEF-------LAMB Cervical----Neck---------7 ------------7 Thoracic-------Ribcage--------13 -----------13 to 14 Lumbar----Loin----------6 -----------6 to 7 Sacral -----Sirloin---------5 -----------4 Caudal-----Tail----------18 to 20 -------16 to 18

Foot, Digits, Claws and Dewclaws digits or toes foot (Dyce) dewclaw (hoof only) fetlock jt. pastern jt. coffin jt. bulb (heel) sole wall claws (hoof) 14

Common and Lateral Digital Extensor common digital Tendons extensor: Note: “just like” the horse, but double because 2 digits. lateral digital extensor lateral head Dorsal view: Note: three palpable extensor tendons, rather than two as in the horse. L medial head IV III M 15

Cloven (split) hoof: Cattle/ goat/ sheep 2 digits: III and IV with 3 phalanges. Digits II and V: vestiges

Weight bearing: front medial and hind lateral

Erosion on the foot caused by FMD or Vesicular Stomatitis which are grossly indistinguishable from one another.

• Coronoid process is located medially to the zygomatic arch Process allows muscle leverage to be exerted onto the mandible Mandibular condyle: joint between the skull and the lower In cattle and sheep, the mandibular condyle is relatively flat and allows considerable movement in a horizontal plane. Lateral movement is important in animals whose teeth work with a grinding action.

Did You Know? ? Instead of upper incisors, they have a buildup of tissue called a dental pad. Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012

Dental Pad • Ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats • "dental pad", as shown in the image to the right of a goat.

DENTAL FORMULA Species Dental Formula Total # teeth Canine - puppy 313 28 (NO MOLARS) Canine - adult 3142 3143 42 (EXTRA MOLAR ON MANDIBLE) Feline - kitten 313 312 26 Feline - adult 3131 3121 30 (EXTRA PRE-MOLAR ON MAXILLA) Equine - adult 3133 314/33 40 0 r 42 Porcine - adult 3143 44 Bovine adult 0033 3133 32 (NO UPPER INCSORS – DENTAL PAD)

Dental Formulae - Ruminants 003 Deciduous 3 1 3 =10 0033 Permanent 3 1 3 3 =16 Some authors prefer to state that they have 4 incisors, with the canine tooth referred to as the fourth or corner incisor. • Llamas*

Eruption – Permanent teeth Teeth I 1 I 2 Age at eruption 1. 5 – 2 yr. 2 – 2. 5 yr. I 3 I 4 or C 1 st cheek tooth PM 2 PM 3 second cheek tooth PM 4 third cheek tooth M 1 (4 th cheek tooth) M 2 fifth cheek tooth 3 – 3. 5 yr. 3. 5 – 4 yr. 2 – 2. 5 yr. 1. 5 – 2. 5 yr. 2. 5 – 3 yr. 5 – 6 months 1 – 1. 5 yr. M 3 sixth cheek tooth 2 – 2. 5 yrs

1 = How old? Rostral - lateral • Teeth are longer and narrower • Not touching at upper corner • 15 – 18 months

2. How old? Eruption of one or more central incisors 1. 5 – 2 years

4. How old? I 3: 3 – 3. 5 yr. I 4: 3. 5 – 4 yr. Peg teeth

Llama and Alpacas • Maxillary teeth : the third incisor and canine: I 3 and C 1 • Mandibular teeth shown are I 1 -I 4. • Fighting teeth are the upper third incisors, upper canines, and lower fourth incisors (six total teeth). • The fighting teeth Courtesy of Dr. Bradford B. Smith and Dr. Karen I. Timm

Maxillary Arcade • Note the lack of incisors

Maxillary Arcade (Lateral view)

Mandibular Arcade

Mandibular Arcade (Lateral view) The wide gap: diastema

Plan of neck in beef, showing: 1, ligamentum nuch; 2, atlas; and 3, axis. The ligamentum nuchae is pale yellow • Atlanto – occipital: nodding head • Atlanto – axial: rotation • The ligamentum nuchae is a very strong elastic ligament

Ribcage • The cage formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum is an essential component of the respiratory system. • Thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by their tall dorsal spines, many of which point towards the hindquarter and are known as the feather bones.

The structure of the ribcage is rather variable in lamb carcasses BEEF-----LAMB Total pairs of ribs-------13 -------13 to 14 Pairs of sternal ribs------8 --------8 Pairs of asternal ribs-----5 --------5 to 6 Number of sternebrae----7 --------6 to 7

Pelvis • The left pubis is separated from the right pubis by fibrocartilage – In parturition, softens V Plan of the pelvis in a hanging beef carcass showing: 1, lesser sciatic notch; 2, ischiatic spine; 3, greater sciatic notch; 4, psoas tubercle; 5, obturator foramen; 6, symphysis pubis; 7, ischium; and 8, ilium.

Pubic The tuber coxae forms the basis of the point of the hip (hooks) Another plan of the both sides of the pelvis in a hanging carcass showing: 1, tuber coxae; 2, acetabulum; 3, acetabular ramus of ischium; 4, tuber ischii; 5, symphysis pubis; 6, ilium; 7, pubis; and 8, ischium

OS COXAE - PELVIS The pelvic girdle comprised of the illium, ishium, and pubis. This is the largest of the flat bones

Ilium – Ischium - Pubis • The largest and most anterior of the three parts of the pelvic girdle • Hip bone/ Pin bone • Smallest of the three parts of the pelvic girdle

Aitch bone – Body of shaft of Ischium • The aitch bone is curved in steer and bull carcasses, is moderately curved in heifers, but is straight in cow carcasses

Forelimb skeleton -Scapula • The scapula is not fused to the vertebral column (like the pelvis in the hindlimb), and this allows muscles that hold the scapula to the ribcage to function as shock absorbers during locomotion. • The scapula has a distal socket joint for the next bone in the forelimb, the humerus. • This socket of the glenohumeral joint is called the glenoid cavity. – The glenoid cavity is wide and shallow, unlike the ball and socket joint in the hindlimb which is narrow and deep.

ACROMION • On the lateral face of the scapula is a prominent ridge of bone called the spine of the scapula. – In beef (OX) carcasses, the scapular spine is extended distally as a prominent acromion process.

Humerus – “Arm bone / clod bone” • Proceeding distally down the forelimb, the bone that articulates with the scapula is the humerus. • Proximally, the humerus has a relatively flat knob or head to fit into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Two well defined condyles on the distal end of the humerus contribute to the hinge joint at the elbow.

Radius & Ulna: (‘Foreshank bone’) Beef shankbones showing: 1, distal end of humerus; 2, olecranon fossa; 3, olecranon process; , 4, radius; 5, ulna; and 6, carpal bones. • The radius is joined to the ulna and is the shorter and more anterior bone of the pair

Femur – ‘Round bone or leg bone’ • The proximal bone of the hindlimb is the femur or round bone. The articular head of the femur is deeply rounded and it bears a round ligament that holds it into the acetabulum. • Another distinctive feature of the femur is the broad groove between the two trochlear ridges located distally. The patella or knee cap slides in this groove

Tibia – ‘hind shank – hock bone’ • In beef and lamb carcasses there is a single major bone, the tibia or shank bone, located distally to the femur. • Tibia and fibula 1, medial condyle, 2, lateral condyle; 3, tibia, and 4, fibula.

References • http: //w 3. vet. cornell. edu/virtualvet/bovine/tissue_lesions. aspx? Tis =37 • http: //bovine. unl. edu/bovine 3 D/eng/n. Intro. jsp • http: //studentvet. wordpress. com/2010/07/29/bovineforelimb/#Humerus • Mc. Bride Douglas, Learning Veterinary terminology, 2002 • http: //vetmed. illinois. edu/courses/imaging_anatomy/bovine/hindli mb/foot/ex 01. html • K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2 nd Edition, Mosby, 2012 • www. vet. k-state. edu/depts/ap/faculty/klimek/. . . /B-P 248 -268. ppt