Ruminant Internal Medicine and Infectious diseases By Ayman

Ruminant Internal Medicine and Infectious diseases By Ayman Ali

Before you begin you must know 1 - Minimum knowledge about most common diseases and problems in the large animal field 2 - Basic clinical techniques (examination, injection, anesthesia) 3 - Field terminology 4 - How to handle the owner 5 - Continuously improve yourself (discussion with other fellows “at fieldawy”, Reading)

Workshop components 1. Clinical Examination of Ruminants 2. Gastrointestinal Diseases 1. 2. Acute Ruminal Impaction Colic 3. Blood Parasites 1. Babesia 2. Anaplasma 3. 4. Bloat Calf Diarrhea 3. Thieleria 4. Trypanosoma 4. Respiratory Diseases 1. 3. 2. ARDS Feedlots Neonates, Young and Secondary Respiratory Infections 5. Mastitis 1. Coliform 2. Corynbacteria 3. Staphylococci 4. Sheep and Goats 6. Metabolic Diseases : 1. Milk fever 2. PPH 3. Ketosis 7. Nutritional deficiency 1. Phosphorus 2. Calcium 3. Vit E-Sel 4. Copper

1. Clinical Examination of Ruminants 1. Temperature 2. Mucous membranes 3. Abdominal contour 4. Lymph nodes 5. Rumen motility 6. Abdominal pings 7. Lungs 8. Heart 9. Eyes 10. Nostrils 11. Mouth 12. Mentation 13. Right side pings

2. Gastrointestinal Diseases 1. Acute Ruminal Impaction Times of Impaction: Sunday First week and last week at feedlot Accidental Sudden change for not adapted animal Signs: Extreme variation from mild case to sever life threatening cases Rumen stasis ± Tympany ± Diarrhea Histminpsis: Dullness, Difficulty breathing, Congested m. m, Recumbency Complications: Laminitis Liver abscessation Vit B 1 deficiency Treatment: Antiacid (Oral/IV) Calcium Multivitamin Antihistaminic Norocillin Cholertics

2. Gastrointestinal Diseases 2. Colic: Usually of nutritional origin (Low fiber feeds at feedlot, First week on barseem feeding) Constipation Signs: Frequent laying down and standing up Kicking the abdomen Stretching the body Treatment: Flostac iv or im ± Atropine 1 ml/100 kg b. wt Calcium Laxavet in case of constipation

2. Gastrointestinal Diseases 3. Bloat Free gas bloat (Feedlot) Frothy bloat (Berseem feeding) Chronic bloat Free gas bloat (Feedlot) Frothy bloat (Berseem feeding) Paraffin oil or cocking oil Calcium Correction of dietary errors Chronic bloat Diphragmatic hernia – Vagus indigestion – Physical obstruction (Hairballs)

2. Gastrointestinal Diseases 4. Calf Diarrhea Causes according to age Neoantes ¡ Treatment Bacterial delay with Viral fluids will Protozoal Dietic convert Young moderate Coccidia cases to sever Parasitic infections Vitamin and Mineral deficiency Dehydration How to assess Muzzle, Eye and Neck skin

¡ Treatment of Calf diarrhea: l l Fluids Antibiotics NSAID Supportive

3. Blood Parasites ¡ ¡ Most common in summer months (vectors) Endemic stability in your region ¡ ¡ Babesia Anaplasma Theilera Trypanosoma

3. Blood Parasites ¡ Treatment: the 2 stages l Antiparasitics drugs: Imidocarb (Babesia, Anaplasma) ¡ Diminazine (Babesia, Trypanosoma) ¡ Buparvaquione (Thileria) ¡ Quinapyramine (Trypanosma) ¡ l Supportive: Calcium ¡ Multivitamin ¡ Liver support (Liveria, Heptaminol, Ornepural) ¡

4. Respiratory Diseases Selection of antibiotic in ruminant respiratory infections ¡ ¡ Neonate Respiratory infections secondary to viral infections ¡ Feedlot BRD

5. Mastitis ¡ Coliform: l l Time: Usually at first month in lactation Cause: E. coli or Klebesilla Source of infection: Bedding Signs: Endotoxemia ¡ Treatment: l l l Sulpha/TMP – Marbofloxacine – 4 th generation Cephalosporine NSAID ± Dexa Supportive

5. Mastitis ¡ Corynbacteria: l l Time: First weeks after drying off Source of infection: Flies, mosquitoes and mechanical l Signs: Fever, off food, enlarged udder with large amount of pus secretons Treatment: Antibiotic: Oxy ± Tylosine Penicillins NSAID Evacuation

5. Mastitis ¡ ¡ ¡ Staphylococci ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻰ Most infection in Cattle and Buffaloes: Chronic or subclinical Main cause of clinical mastitis in Sheep and Goats ¡ Antibiotics: l l ¡ Tylosine 3 rd or 4 th Cphalosporines Treatment options: l l l Culling (All or specific quarter) Systemic + IMM treatment Treatment at drying off

6. Metabolic Diseases : ¡ Milk fever: l l l ¡ Treatment: Time: last week of l Calcium pregnancy to first l AD 3 E week of lactation l Dexa Time: from the 4 th l Incomplete th or 5 lactation milking Signs: The 3 ¡ Non-responsive stages ¡ cases Relapsing cases

6. Metabolic Diseases ¡ ¡ PPH: Causes: l ¡ l l Ketosis: l Trifolium alex. Treatment l ¡ Phosphorus Antioxidant Preformed ATP l l Related to high production 3 weeks after parturition – Well fed cows Treatment: Glucose IV ¡ Oral glycogenic ¡ Corticosteroids ¡ Tonics ¡

7. Nutritional deficiency ¡ 1. Phosphorus: l l l Reduced berseem appetite Chronic lameness Spontaneous fracture Smooth inactive ovaries How to treat? ¡ 2. Calcium: l l Rickets and hypocalcaemia in feedlot calves How to treat?

7. Nutritional deficiency ¡ E-Selenim deficiency: l l Common at first 2 months (especially sheep and goats) Progressive weakness till recumbencey and death

7. Nutritional deficiency ¡ ¡ : Copper : 1 - Swayback in lambs 2 - Recumbnecy in adult cattle 3 - Anemia and reduced appetite in buffalo calves Treatment: Orally copper sulfate Injection Minarine

Example of Rule-out other diseases method in clinical diagnosis

Recommended titles Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle, 2 nd Edition

Large Animal Internal Medicine, 5 th Edition

Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal, 3 rd Edition

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9 th. Edition

Dairy Production and Processing: The Science of Milk and Milk Products, 1 st Edition