Rotary Club of Koblenz Ehrenbreitstein 10 th May

Rotary Club of Koblenz Ehrenbreitstein 10 th May 2013 Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 2007 CRed Carbon Reduction N. K. Tovey (杜�� ) M. A, Ph. D, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н. К. Тови М. А. , д-р технических наук Norwich Business School Past President RC Norwich: District 1080 Environment Officer District 1080 Com. Voc Chair

Welcome to the University of East Anglia • School of Environmental Sciences • A 5** Research department • Rated in top 5 Environmental Sciences Department in world • Rated Excellent in Teaching • Many World Renowned Centres – Tyndall Centre, Climate Research Unit – CRed – Carbon Reduction Project – Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research (ZICER)

Original buildings Teaching wall Library Student residences 3

Nelson Court Constable Terrace

Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery Thomas Paine Study Centre School Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Medical School 5

The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale. 6 8

Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. 7

ZICER Building Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust. Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 k. W of Solar Panels on top floor

The ZICER Building – Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices 9

Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space Incoming air into the AHU Regenerative heat exchanger 10

Operation of Main Building Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs 空气通过空心的板层 Air enters the internal occupied space 空气进入内部使用空间 11

Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Space for future chilling 将来制冷的空间 Out of the building 出建筑物 The return air passes through the heat exchanger 空气回流进入热交换器 Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气 12

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Warm air Winter Day Warm air Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到 空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体 发出的热量 Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment 13

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Cold air Winter Night Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room In late afternoon heating is turned off. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到 空气中 板层也把热散发到房间内 Cold air 14

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Cool air Summer night Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day night ventilation/ free cooling 把白天聚积的热量带走。 Cool air 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷 存储器 15

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Warm air Summer day Warm air Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning 空气在进入建筑使用空间前被 预先冷却 混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量 以减少/停止对空调的使用 16

能源消耗（k. Wh/天） Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57% 800 350 原始供热方法 新供热方法 17

ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 k. W in 10 arrays 18 • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6. 7 k. W in 3 arrays

Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally Cells active Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. 19 19

Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 k. W 峰值 34 k. W Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient • Most use is for computers • DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient • Need an integrated approach 20

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 3% Radiation Losses 11% 61% Flue Losses 36% 86% Gas Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Heat Exchanger Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat 21

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1. 0 MW electricity and 1. 4 MW heat 22

Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation 1997/98 MWh electricity gas oil 19895 35148 33 Total Emission factor kg/k. Wh 0. 46 0. 186 0. 277 Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 Electricity After installation 1999/ Total CHP export 2000 site generation MWh 20437 15630 977 Emission kg/k. Wh -0. 46 factor CO 2 Tonnes -449 15699 Heat import boilers CHP oil total 5783 14510 28263 923 0. 46 0. 186 0. 277 2660 2699 5257 256 10422 This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide 23

Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer 24

绝热 Heat rejected 高温高压 High Temperature High Pressure 节流阀 Throttle Valve Compressor 冷凝器 Condenser 蒸发器 Evaporator 低温低压 Low Temperature Low Pressure 压缩器 为冷却进行热提 取 Heat extracted for cooling A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit 25

Absorption Heat Pump 外部热 Heat from external source 绝热 Heat rejected 高温高压 High Temperature High Pressure 吸收器 Desorber 节流阀 Throttle Valve 冷凝器 Condenser 蒸发器 Evaporator 为冷却进行热提 取 Heat extracted for cooling 低温低压 Low Temperature Low Pressure 热交换器 Heat Exchanger W~0 吸收器 Absorber Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand increases electricity generated 26

A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 • Uses Waste Heat from CHP • provides most of chilling requirements in summer • Reduces electricity demand in summer • Increases electricity generated locally • Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually 27

Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Photo-Voltaics Efficient CHP Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification Absorption Chilling 28 28

Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Efficient CHP 1990 2006 Students Floor Area (m 2) 5570 138000 CO 2 (tonnes) CO 2 kg/m 2 CO 2 kg/student Absorption Chilling 14047 207000 Change since 1990 +152% +50% 2011 16000 220000 Change since 1990 +187% +159% 19420 140. 7 21652 104. 6 +11% -25. 7% 14000 63. 6 -28% -54. 8% 3490 1541 -55. 8% 875 -74. 9% 29 29

Results of the “Big Switch-Off” Target Day With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings? 30

UEA’s Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary 1. 2. Raising Awareness 3. Improving Conversion Efficiency 4. 5. Offset Carbon Emissions Good Management Using Renewable Energy 31

Conclusions UEA has achieved Carbon reductions by: • Constructing Low Energy Buildings • Effective adaptive energy management which have typically reduced energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. • Use of Renewable Energy: Photovoltaic electric generation but opportunities were missed which would have made more optimum use of electricity generated. • The existing CHP plant reduced carbon emissions by around 30% • Adsorption chilling has been a win-win situation reducing summertime electricity demand increasing electricity generated locally. • Awareness raising of occupants of buildings can lead to significant savings • By the end of 2011, UEA should have reduced its carbon emissions per student by 70% compared to 1990. 32

Sharing the Expertise of the University World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management Sixth cohort started in January 2013 Modular Part Time version started in 2010 at UEALondon A partnership between The Norwich Business School and The 5** School of Environmental Sciences And Finally Lao Tzu (604 -531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading. " See http: //www 2. env. uea. ac. uk/creduea. htm for presentation 33