Rome TODO 92314 WARMUP Hannibal Notes Rome Christianity

Rome

TO-DO: 9/23/14 • WARM-UP: Hannibal • Notes: Rome – Christianity • You’ll get your quizzes back tomorrow

Setting • Italy Peninsula in the Mediterranean • Protected in the North by the Alps, East, West and South by the Mediterranean • Hilly and mountainous, valleys with very fertile soil • Rome in the center on the Tiber River

The Roman Republic • Rome founded in 753 BCE • Etruscan kings overthrown in 507 BCE, Republic begins • Officials elected yearly by several public assemblies • membership in the assemblies based on military service and tribes

• Two consuls (head of state), elected yearly by assembly, have veto power (people elect representatives -> Republic) • Real power with Senate, not elected, has the right to suggest laws • Codified laws (Twelve Tables of Rome), protects individual rights (trial by jury, innocent until proven guilty, right to face your accuser)

Society • Patricians: Owners of large landholdings, only they can hold public office • Plebeians: merchants, small landowners, craftsmen; right to vote, but not to hold office • Slaves: 20 -35 % of total population, frequent slave revolts (Spartacus)

• patriarchal society • pater familias: almost unlimited power over family • patron/client: legal protection, financial assistance/ services, support in politics

• women seen as children in the eyes of the law, have to be under male guardianship • arranged marriages; with legal control of the husband • During empire upper class women often educated • Legal reforms by Augustus: marriage “without legal control”, property rights and right to divorce and remarry • political influence behind the scenes

Roman Expansion • By 290 BCE almost all of Italy controlled by Rome • Citizenship extended to some conquered territories • Partial or full citizenship (protection from arbitrary arrest, and violence, right to sign contract, full citizens also have voting right)

• Conflict with Carthage (3 Punic Wars between 260 and 133 BCE, Hannibal): Rome wins Sicily, North Africa, Spain • Conquest of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (2 nd and 1 st century BCE (Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, Syria, Turkey) • Conquest of Gaul (Julius Caesar), 50 BCE • Many slaves, new ideas from conquered territories

Failure of the Republic • Social crisis (large landowners use slaves from wars, small farmers lose land, as they are away fighting and big landowners produce cheaper with slave labor)) • Solution: Professional military • Military commanders take advantage of their soldiers’ loyalty and the poverty of the masses • Julius Caesar, dictator for life (50 -44 BCE) Augustus, first emperor (31 BCE-14 CE)

Julius Caesar

Pax Romana • Rome capital of the West • Rule of law, common coinage, civil service, secure travel on the extensive road network • Roman law through out empire, but local customs and laws were accepted • Period of peace for about 200 years • Roman empire rules all of the Mediterranean, Britain, and most of Western Europe • Total population about 50 million people

• Some cities with several hundred thousand inhabitants (Rome, Alexandria, Antioch) • sewer system, aqueducts, public baths, amphitheatres (bread and games) • Roman culture spread by veterans settled in newly founded cities • Romanization of Western Europe • Trade of luxury goods with China and India (silk, spices for silver and gold), leads to a drainage of precious metals in the empire

Roman Law • Codified Law: Twelve Tables of Rome, ordered systematically by topic (Table I cuvil procedure, table III debt, table IV parents and children) • All Roman citizens have certain rights and responsibilities • Trial by jury, innocent until proven guilty • In conquered territories: local customs also accepted

The Rise of Christianity • Judaea ruled by Romans during life time of Jesus • Christianity spread by apostle Paul among cities in eastern Mediterranean • Adoption of elements of Middle Eastern cults • Romans were tolerant towards other faiths, but Christians refused to worship Roman gods -> persecution • Conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine in 313 CE, Edict of Milan • 395 CE emperor Theodosius Christianity state religion

Spread of Christianity

Technology and Transformation • Concrete, aqueducts, arches, long walls to protect borders • Military camps, roads connecting all parts of the empire • The first 200 years of the empire Pax Romana • economic crises, emperors chosen by military • Germanic tribes, Sassanids attack Roman empire

• • High cost for military drains economy inflation, people leave cities Long distance trade collapses Diocletian Reforms (300 CE): regulated prices, people could not leave their profession, two emperors (Rome and Constantinople) • Invasions of Germanic tribes, Huns • Western Half of the Empire ends 476 CE

Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain

Circus Maximus

Hadrian’s Wall

Pantheon Outside

Pantheon Inside

Roman Bath

Culture • Influenced heavily by Greek culture (philosophy, literature, art, sculpture) • Many teachers, doctors Greek slaves • Bread and Games • Latin spoken in Spain, France, England