ROME SWBAT DISCUSS THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ROMAN

ROME SWBAT: DISCUSS THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC AND THE LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS.

ITALY 750 B. C. E Describe the geography of Italy. What does this map show?

GEOGRAPHY Peninsula Apennine Mountains Broad fertile plains Po River valley The plain of Latium Campania Tiber River

ROME

GREEKS & ETRUSCANS § Greeks § est. colonies in Italy b/w 750 & 550 b. c. e § grapes & olives, Greek Alphabet, Art Etruscans § 650 b. c. e. expanded into N. C. Italy § Turned Rome Into a city § Writing, religion & the arch § Romans adopted Etruscan dress & military organization

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

GREEK AMPHITHEATER ROMAN COLISEUM

PARTHENON PANTHEON

Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Rome Reign of Romulus 753 -716 BCE Numa Pompilius 715 -674 BCE Tullius Hostillius 673 -642 BCE Anchus Marcius 642 -617 BCE Lucius Tarquinian Priscus Servius Tullius 616 -579 BCE 578 -535 BCE Lucius Tarquinius 535 -510 BCE Superbus 509 BCE Roman Revolt Republic Established!

A. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC a. Last 3/7 kings were Etruscans b. 509 BCE Romans overthrow – create a Republic a. A form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote. c. By 264 b. c. e. Romans had conquered nearly all of Italy d. 3 things that made Rome successful: a. Good diplomats b. Organized/capable military c. Created a Political Institution a. An organization for the promotion of a cause.

B. POLITICAL MAKE-UP a. Patricians a. b. Wealthy landowners Plebeians a. Merchants, craftspeople, small farmers. BOTH Paid taxes, owed military service and could vote c. d. Only Patricians could be elected to gov’t The Republic a. b. c. Executive a. 2 Consuls b. Dictator only in times of war ( Legislative a. Select group of Patricians – 300 b. Tribunes – plebian officials Judicial a. Praetor – in charge of civil law

C. STRUGGLE OF ORDERS a. Conflict b/w Plebeians & Patricians b. Plebeian resentment a. Social restrictions- marriage b/w orders c. 471 BCE Counsel of Plebeians (Tribunes) d. 287 BCE All Roman (male) citizens are equal under the law

THE TWELVE TABLES, 450 B. C. E. Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

D. ROMAN LAW a. 12 Tables a. b. Civil law only applied to citizens Law of Nations a. Natural/universal law b. Established standards of justice to all ppl. a. Innocent until proven guilty b. Allowed to defend oneself in front of judge c. Judgment on the basis of evidence

CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE & THE PUNIC WARS Punic Wars 264 -146 b. c. e A series of wars to control the Mediterranean area Rome controlled Italy Carthage- great Phoenician trading center- N. Coast of Africa A. 1 st Punic War B. Rome defeated Carthage C. Rome controlled Mediterranean Area

ND THE 2 PUNIC WAR A. Hannibal – Carthage General, Invaded Italy 1. 2. 3. Marched north crossing over the alps Closest Rome came to losing the wars Never made a decisive win B. Scipio Africanus- Roman General 1. Invaded Carthage 2. Forced Hannibal to turn around and return to Carthage Watch this video on the Punic Wars Battle of Zama

Hannibal’s Route

RD 3 PUNIC WAR • 146 BCE Carthage is defeated • Sowed salt in the soil, destroying any hope for Carthage to recover. Rome Policy of Imperialism – Conquest led to $ = Rich Romans – Latfundia – huge farming estates – New conquest = Slaves What problems may occur as a

SWBAT: 1. DISCUSS THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 2. EVALUATE WHETHER THE ROMAN REPUBLIC WAS ALSO AN EMPIRE

I. COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC A. Growing Unrest A. Social & Eco inequality b/w wealthy land owners & small farmers caused urban pop. growth and landless poor. A. Wealthy aristocrats controlled the government A. Poor had no means to improve their status.

B. REFORM LEADERS C. MILITARY REFORMERS Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. How do you think the Senate felt about this? Lucius Cornelius Sulla • • Revolt against Marius Restored Senate How do you think the actions of Marius & Sulla influenced the future of Rome?

II. THE END OF THE REPUBLIC Triumvirate – government by three people with equal power. Caesar (General), Pompey (General), & Crassus ($) A. Joined together to Run Rome, chose three to eliminate a tie decision B. Officially they had no real power, but the ppl followed the Triumvirate, not the senate. C. Crassus was killed in battle 53 bce, Pompey & Caesar began to vie for power A. Senate ruled that Pompey alone should rule B. Caesar refused & kept his army that was loyal to him

III. GALLIC WARS ROME VS. GAUL (BARBARIAN TRIBE) A. Caesar is the General of the Roman Army, winning many battles in Gaul (France) B. Crassus was killed in battle (Syria) A. now only two of the Triumvirates are alive. B. Pompey- gets senate’s support C. Told Caesar to return home w/o his army.

Civil War & Dictators POMPEY JULIUS CAESAR

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

IV. CAESAR DEFEATS POMPEY A. Caesar defeated Pompey in Italy, Greece, & finally Egypt B. Caesar made dictator 47 b. c. e A. C. Dictator for life in 44 b. c. e. Reforms A. Increased Senate B. Land reforms C. Granted citizenship to supporters

CAESAR & CLEOPATRA A. Cleopatra – Ptolemy’s sister A. B. Caesar & Cleopatra become an item 48 b. c. e. Ptolemy is pulled from the throne by Caesar A. Cleopatra is put on the throne

CAESAR BECOMES A THREAT A. Growing popularity and power B. Senate fears he will be king C. Caesar secretly makes a will 1. HE adopts his nephew- Octavian, making him heir D. March 15 th- Caesar is assassinated in the Senate 1. Lead by Cassius & Brutus

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate § Octavian Augustus § Caesar’s nephew § Marc Antony § Caesar’s Friend § Marcus Lepidus

ND 2 TRIUMVIRATE A. Antony marries Cleopatra 1. This makes Cleopatra & Antony entitled to Caesars’ heir, instead of Octavian B. Octavian defeats Cleopatra & Antony during Civil War A. Battle at Actium C. Octavian renamed Augustus A. 1 st Emperor of Rome

OCTAVIAN AGUSTUS: ROME’S 1 S T EMPEROR Emperor – inherited power Served for life Worshipped as a god after life Senate – acted as high court About 600 members

The First Roman Dynasty

The Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

PAX ROMANA 27 BCE – 180 CE A time of Roman (relative) peace and prosperity.

ROMAN EMPERORS AFTER AUGUSTUS • Initially designed to be hereditary succession – Confusion as to which family member would inherit the throne – Some emperors were cutthroat, or insane, or both – Military played a big role in selecting the next emperor.

• • Tiberius (14 – 37 CE) Caligula (37 – 41 CE) Claudius (41 – 54 CE) Nero (54 – 68 CE) Year of the 4 Emperors 69 CE • Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian • Vespasian (69 – 79 CE) • Titus , Domitian, Nerva • Trajan (98 – 117 CE) • Hadrian (117 -138 CE) • Antoninus Pius (138 – 161 CE) • Marcus Aurelius (161 -180 CE) • Pertinax Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus • Caracalla (198 – 217 CE)

Y EAR OF THE 4 EMPERORS, 69 CE • Brief period of civil war after the deal of Nero • Four emperors ruled in quick succession – Galba – Otho – Vitellius – Vespasian • Illustrated problems of imperial succession

SWBAT: 1. ID & DISCUSS THE PROBLEMS WITHIN THE ROMAN EMPIRE THAT LED TO THE DECLINE 2. EVALUATE THE ROLE OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=C 7 EIW_C 0 -9 c • http: //youtu. be/FI 1 ylg 4 GKv 8 • http: //youtu. be/s 66 z. FW 3 nog. U

HUNGER GAMES = BREAD & CIRCUSES • AKA- in Latin- “panem et circenses” • How can you compare The Hunger Games with the Gladiator Games? • Satire X – “The Vanity of Human Wishes” – Juvinel- late 1 st and 2 nd century AD – Satire

I. SLAVERY & SLAVE REVOLTS a. Large number of conquered foreigners were brought to Italy as slaves. b. Many Greeks- Tutors, musicians, doctors & artists c. Others- household workers, built roads & public buildings, farmed large estates d. Revolts by Slaves were dealt with harshly – SPARTICUS’ Revolt 72 B. C. E. (During the Republic, but a continuous problem)

II. JUDAISM IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE a. Judaea – Roman province in 6 c. e. • Placed under the direction of an official Procurator b. 66 c. e. Jewish Revolt

III. RISE OF CHRISTIANITY a. Jesus- mission of salvation i. Inner transformation • Humility charity and love toward others ii. Controversy & Crucifixion iii. Follower’s believe in Jesus as Messiah

The Rise of Christianity

CHRISTIANITY SPREADS

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

IV. ROMAN PERSECUTION a. Christians refused to worship the state gods and emperors. b. Saw this as act of treason c. Started during Nero 54 – 68 c. e. d. 2 nd century persecution diminished e. By 180 c. e. still a minority but one of considerable strength.

V. ROMAN EMPIRE ADOPTS CHRISTIANITY a. New Structure i. Bishops ii. Clergy & Laity b. Why did it grow? i. Roman State message- Impersonal & existed for the good of Rome ii. Christian- personal & offered salvation & eternal life. iii. Gave meaning and purpose beyond everyday reality iv. Initiation by baptism v. Filled the need to belong; communities vi. Appealed to the poor & powerless vii. eternal life is promised to ALL c. Diocletian 4 th century c. e. last attempt at persecution, failed.

VI. CONSTANTINE- FIRST CHRISTIAN EMPEROR a. Edict of Milan (313 c. e. ) freedom of religion to Christians and all other in the Empire b. Theodosius 378 – 395 makes Christianity the official religion of Rome

Imperial Roman Road System

THE DECLINE OF ROME • Identify and explain political factors that led to the decline of the Roman Empire. • Evaluate the economic and social reforms by Diocletian & Constantine and how they affected the Roman Empire

“MARC US AUREL IUS” THE LAST GOOD EMPE ROR

The Empire in Crisis: 3 c

I. SOCIAL & POLITICAL UPHEAVALS a. Civil War & Power struggles I. Invasions 1. Sassanid Persians from the East 2. Germanic tribes from the Balkans, Gaul & Spain Plague & Economic problems 1. Plague- labor shortage 2. Trade, industry & production all declined 3. Roman army began to hire Roman Warriors

II. REFORMS BY DIOCLETIAN & CONSTANTINE a. Diocletian – tetrarchy i. Divided Empire- East & West 1. Each w/ 2 leaders 2. He maintained ultimate control of the gov’t b. Constantine i. Constantinople- “New Rome”

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

III. FALL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE a. 395 West & East separate. i. EAST 1. 5 th century- remained intact 2. Constantinople i. WEST 1. VISGOTHS & VANDALS ( Germanic tribes) 2. Gradually replaced by Germanic Kingdoms 3. 476 Odoacer, deposed the Roman Emperor* symbolic

Barbarian Invasions: 4 c-5 c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome § § § § Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch